The maximum gas temperature rises beneath the ceiling in a longitudinal ventilated tunnel fire

A study on the temperature profile of bifurcation tunnel fire under natural ventilation

“…For example, Alpert [ 8 ] and Kurioka et al [ 9 ] developed maximum temperature prediction models for a tunnel fire. Moreover, researchers have carried out studies on the factors affecting the maximum temperature, such as the location and number of fire sources [ 10 – 12 ], the shape of tunnel cross-section [ 13 , 14 ], velocity of longitudinal ventilation [ 15 ], vehicle blockage in a tunnel [ 16 , 17 ], ambient pressure [ 18 , 19 ], and the slope of the vertical shaft [ 20 ]. In addition to the maximum temperature, researchers have also investigated temperature decay.…”

Numerical investigation on the smoke behaviour and longitudinal temperature decay in tilted tunnel fire with portal sealing

“…In a compartment, Alpert 22 developed an expression, which is equation (1), to predict the maximum smoke temperature beneath the ceiling when the distance from the fire to any vertical wall is not less than 1.8 times the ceiling height…”

“…As for ventilated horizontal tunnels, previous studies have focused on the temperature and toxic smoke distribution. 1 For example, Kurioka et al 23 proposed an empirical model expressed by equation ( 2) to predict the maximum temperature rise beneath the ceiling by conducting a series of scale experiments…”

“…In recent years, a number of serious fire accidents occurred in road and rail tunnels throughout the world. 1 Railway tunnel fire has been a world-wide concern due to its catastrophic material loss such as tunnel collapse and threat to people’s safety. Compared with road tunnels, railway tunnels have small cross-sections and widths.…”

“…As for ventilated horizontal tunnels, previous studies have focused on the temperature and toxic smoke distribution. 1 For example, Kurioka et al 23 proposed an empirical model expressed by equation (2) to predict the maximum temperature rise beneath the ceiling by conducting a series of scale experimentswhere Δ T max is the maximum temperature rise (K), T a is the ambient temperature (K), Q* is the dimensionless heat release rate, Fr is Froude number and ε and γ are experimental constants.…”