The Maximum Age of the Elements and the Age of the Earth's Crust

Collins, C. B.; Russell, Rick; Farquhar, R. M.

doi:10.1139/p53-039

Cited by 58 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…Similar calculations have been reported by Collins, Russell and Farquhar (8) and Allan,Farquhar and Russell (12) . Holmes combined the first two of equations (2.1) to give elto -…”

supporting

confidence: 90%

“…That the mantle should at once be sufficiently heterogeneous to enable one to date it and sufficiently homogeneous to enable I00 R. D. Russell and D. W. Allan one to date lead ores is almost suspiciously provident, but there seems at present no reason to doubt this particular piece of scientific good fortune. 8. Conclusions.-The numerical results we have obtained, which are listed in Tables I11 and IV, offer a great deal of scope for interpretation ; we shall point out only the main features of interest.…”

Section: The Age Of the Earth From Lead Isotope Abutdancesmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…, Symbols + .Nier In, writing equations (4.9) we have assumed that average values of q and, 8 can be used to describe the average behaviour of a number of lead ores of the same age. This is in accord with the three primary assumptions outlined above.…”

Section: W"mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Age of the Earth From Lead Isotope Abundances

Russell

Allan

1955

Geophysical Journal International

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Summary Methods of using isotopic abundances of dated common lead samples to obtain the time since which the Earth's upper mantle has preserved heterogeneities in its composition are reviewed. This time has often been referred to as the “age of the Earth”. Several modifications of these methods are suggested. The measured abundances of eighty young lead ores are examined in detail, and it is concluded that the age of the Earth is 4.3 × 109 years.

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“…Similar calculations have been reported by Collins, Russell and Farquhar (8) and Allan,Farquhar and Russell (12) . Holmes combined the first two of equations (2.1) to give elto -…”

supporting

confidence: 90%

Section: The Age Of the Earth From Lead Isotope Abutdancesmentioning

confidence: 85%

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The Age of the Earth From Lead Isotope Abundances

Russell

Allan

1955

Geophysical Journal International

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“…With an age of the earth of approximately 4.5 651 652 THF. CRUST OF THE EARTH billion years (Patterson, Tilton, and Inghram, 1954) and a length of the real geologic history of the earth of approximately 3.5 billion years (Collins, Russell, and Farquhar, 1953; see Rankama, 1954a, p. 82), the Bothnian schists occupy a place roughly half way in the Precambrian. Sederholm (1913a, p. 171, 192, 194;1913b, p. 59, 61, 63;1915, p. 60;1931, p. 11, 16, 68, 77) maintained that the breccias of Naarajarvi and Jaakkola are genuine weathering breccias, or sathrolites, formed in situ by subaerial weathering of diorite and overlain by argillaceous sediments that later were metamorphosed into mica schist.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geologic Evidence of Chemical Composition of the Precambrian Atmosphere

Rankama

2015

Geological Society of America Special Papers

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A Precambrian breccia and conglomerate schists from Suodenniemi, Finland, with an age approaching 2 billion years, consist of fragments and pebbles of pre-Bothnian diorite embedded in a fine-grained granoblastic cement of varying degree of schistosity and consisting mainly of quartz, biotite, hornblende, and oligoclase. This breccia is interpreted as a genuine weathering breccia in situ (Sederholm), even though its cement may contain some material transported from the neighborhood (Eskola). Chemical analyses reveal the predominance of FeO over Fe203 in both unaltered diorite from a pebble in the conglomerate schist and the fine-grained schistose cement surrounding the pebbles in the conglomerate schist and the fragments in the breccia. Furthermore, there is no increase in the Fe203 content of the cement, as compared with the Fe203 content of the diorite. These results are interpreted to indicate that weathering of the diorite and the formation of the breccia and the conglomerates took place in an atmosphere devoid of oxygen. They appear to lend support to Urey's hypothesis of a reducing early Precambrian atmosphere. Absence of atmospheric oxygen also explains the occurrence of reduced native carbon as a finely disseminated pigment in the surrounding Bothnian phyllites and, by analogy, the common occurrence of carbonaceous slates and graphitic schists in early Precambrian terranes.

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“…How ever, they arrived at essentially the same result: 3,290 ±200 m.y. Later, including some additional lead-isotope data of their own, Collins et al (1953) arrived at 3,500 m.y. More recently an electronic calculating machine has been brought into service, and Russell and Allan (1956) have obtained 3,300 m.y.…”

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confidence: 99%

How old is the earth?

Holmes¹

1956

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The advances made during the last decade in estimating the time that has elapsed since the original material of the earth became differen tiated into crust, mantle and core are briefly reviewed. The earlier estimates (3,300-3,500 m.y.) based on the isotopic compositions of lead from galenas of known age are now replaced by one of about 4,500 m.y., as a result of the steadily increasing wealth of available data. Patterson and his co-workers have found that the proportions of lead isotopes (to lead-204) in lead from iron meteorites are lower than those in lead from any other known source. Adopting such lead as primeval, Patterson finds that both meteorites and the earth have essentially the same age, 4,550 ± 70 m.y. Using a series of leads ranging in age from the present to over 2,900 m.y. ago, I find 4,500 ±100 m.y. for the time since primary differentiation. Using only Palaeozoic and younger leads, Russell and Allan reach an estimate of 4,300 ±400 m.y. Possible differences between meteorites and the earth in age and primeval-lead composition are discussed, and reasons are given for thinking that the sialic crust seems to be a more likely source of lead ores than the ultrabasic material of the underlying mantle.

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The Maximum Age of the Elements and the Age of the Earth's Crust

Cited by 58 publications

References 4 publications

The Age of the Earth From Lead Isotope Abundances

The Age of the Earth From Lead Isotope Abundances

Geologic Evidence of Chemical Composition of the Precambrian Atmosphere

How old is the earth?

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