The Mauna Loa sulfur flow as an analog to secondary sulfur flows (?) on Io

Greeley, R.; Theilig, E.; Christensen, P. R.

doi:10.1016/0019-1035(84)90147-7

Cited by 44 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Furthermore, such flows are likely to be a form of secondary rather than primary volcanism (e.g. Greeley et al 1984): as silicate magma (primary) nears the surface, it would provide enough heat to melt sulfur-rich country rock, producing "secondary" sulfur flows (as opposed to "primary" flows that originate from molten magmas at depth).…”

Section: Cryomagmatic Processes On Icy Moonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface, Subsurface and Atmosphere Exchanges on the Satellites of the Outer Solar System

et al. 2010

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The surface morphology of icy moons is affected by several processes implicating exchanges between their subsurfaces and atmospheres (if any). The possible exchange of material between the subsurface and the surface is mainly determined by the mechanical properties of the lithosphere, which isolates the deep, warm and ductile ice material G. Tobie ( ) G. Tobie et al.from the cold surface conditions. Exchanges through this layer occur only if it is sufficiently thin and/or if it is fractured owing to tectonic stresses, melt intrusion or impact cratering. If such conditions are met, cryomagma can be released, erupting fresh volatile-rich materials onto the surface. For a very few icy moons (Titan, Triton, Enceladus), the emission of gas associated with cryovolcanic activity is sufficiently large to generate an atmosphere, either long-lived or transient. For those moons, atmosphere-driven processes such as cryovolcanic plume deposition, phase transitions of condensable materials and wind interactions continuously re-shape their surfaces, and are able to transport cryovolcanically generated materials on a global scale. In this chapter, we discuss the physics of these different exchange processes and how they affect the evolution of the satellites' surfaces.

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Section: Cryomagmatic Processes On Icy Moonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface, Subsurface and Atmosphere Exchanges on the Satellites of the Outer Solar System

et al. 2010

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“…4A). On the other hand, molten sulfurs sampled at Mauna Loa, Ha waii in 1950 (116-147°C, Greeley et al, 1984), Kujyu volcano (1964, 129°C), Japan, Pod's vol cano, Costa Rica in 1988-1990, Ruapehu, New Greeley et al (1984). S7S8 from Steudel and Holz (1988).…”

Section: Dissolved Gases In Molten Sulfurmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical implications of subaqueous molten sulfur at Yugama crater lake, Kusatsu-Shirane volcano, Japan.

1994

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Crater lakes with active subaqueous fumaroles often contain molten sulfur pools on the lake floor. Volcanic gases passing through the sulfur pools carry hollow spherules of solidified molten sulfur to the surface of crater lakes. This sulfur dissolves SO2 and H2S gases and releases these gases into the water. The sulfur also contains homocyclic sulfur (cycl. S, x = 6-16) and probably sulfane monosulfonates. The concentration of cyclic S7 increases with increasing temperature between 120 and 175°C, which is useful to estimate the temperatures of subaqueous molten sulfur pools. The gases drastically lower viscosity of the molten sulfur. This may be due to blockage of growing long-chain sulfur molecules by the dissolved gases. Thus a jump in viscosity at 159°C observed for pure sulfur is not likely to be present in subaqueous molten sulfur at crater lakes. Based on the chemistry and morphology of sulfur slicks, activity of subaqueous fumaroles can be divided into four stages (I-IV), each of which may serve for qualitative in situ monitoring of crater lakes. At Stage I, no molten sulfur pools exist on the lake floor and fumaroles discharge low temperature gases (<119°C) containing only traces of SO2; at Stage II, subaqueous molten sulfur pools (119°C < T < 150°C) are formed, releasing yellow hollow spherules of sulfur with no tails; at Stage III, the fumarolic temperature increases to >150°C, resulting in an increase in molten sulfur viscosity; and at Stage IV, frequent phreatic or geyser-like eruptions are observed. The molten sulfur pools are dispersed into pieces on the lake floor at this stage.

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“…The noncombusted flow type results from the emplacement of a classical sulfur flow unit (e.g. Watanabe, 1940;Greeley et al, 1984;Naranjo, 1985), as described above and depicted in Fig. 6.…”

Section: Flow Classification: Inferences For Emplacement Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus a new emplacement mode for volcanic sulfur flows was proposed in which the flow is emplaced in a combusting state and substantially disappears along its course, leaving a sulfur-free trough rather than the previously known lobate flows of yellowish sulfur (e.g. Watanabe, 1940;Greeley et al, 1984;Naranjo, 1985). In addition, widespread occurrence of combusted sulfur flow features on Vulcano led to propose that this emplacement mode may be common, at least at Vulcano.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…However, although noncombusting flows tend to grab the attention, in our case they distract from the less easily identified features associated with combusting flow. Although noncombusting flows have been described at Lastarria in Chile (Naranjo, 1985), Poas in Costa Rica (Oppenheimer & Stevenson, 1989), Volcan Azufre in the Galapagos (Colony & Nordlie, 1973), Mauna Loa in Hawaii (Greeley et al, 1984) and Siretoko-Iosan in Japan (Watanabe, 1940), combusted flows have only been described at Vulcano .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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The sulfur flow fields of the Fossa di Vulcano

et al. 2004

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Sulfur flow deposits at the Fossa di Vulcano fumarole field (Italy) are dominated by thermal erosion features. These are characteristic of sulfur flows at this location, where most flows are emplaced in a combusting mode such that all flow sulfur is melted and consumed during the emplacement event. Further, thermal erosion during emplacement results in pits and channels that mark the passage of the combusting flow. These thermal erosion pits and channels are typically littered with noncombusted silicate blocks, show overhanging rims and an absence of sulfur. If activity remains confined to a source fumarole basin, then sulfur lake activity will result. Combustion of such a feature leaves thermally eroded pits, typically a few tens of centimeters to a few meters wide and long, and a few tens of centimeters deep. However, the increase in sulfur volume during melting and erosion of pit walls mean that overflow and breaching is common. This leads to capture of new sulfur encrusted fumarole basins and flow extension. Flow extension away from the lake results in thermal erosion channels as much as 1.7 m wide, 0.6 m deep and 23.5 m long. Flow direction is dictated by slope, cinder ejection and sources of new sulfur, thus flows are capable of moving down, across and/or up slope if that is the dominant source of new sulfur. We estimate that sulfur flow activity has combusted 2,000-5,000 m 3 , or 4,000-10,000 tons, of sulfur at Vulcano. Only one noncombusted unit could be found during seven fumarole-fieldwide surveys during 1998-2003; this was 7.3 m long and 0.3 m wide, and had a viscosity of 0.1-40 Pa s. This viscosity is consistent with emplacement temperatures of 165-180C, which are lower than sulfur's combustion temperature. At Vulcano the commonality of thermal erosion features over noncombusted sulfur flow units indicates that combusting emplacement has been the main mode of flow emplacement at this volcano. The common occurrence of combustion is also evident from reference to the same phenomenon by DØodat de Dolomieu in 1783.

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The Mauna Loa sulfur flow as an analog to secondary sulfur flows (?) on Io

Cited by 44 publications

References 14 publications

Surface, Subsurface and Atmosphere Exchanges on the Satellites of the Outer Solar System

Surface, Subsurface and Atmosphere Exchanges on the Satellites of the Outer Solar System

Geochemical implications of subaqueous molten sulfur at Yugama crater lake, Kusatsu-Shirane volcano, Japan.

The sulfur flow fields of the Fossa di Vulcano

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