The MASSIVE Survey. VI. The Spatial Distribution and Kinematics of Warm Ionized Gas in the Most Massive Local Early-type Galaxies

Pandya, Viraj; Greene, Jenny E.; Ma, Chung‐Pei; Veale, Melanie; Ene, Irina; Davis, Timothy A.; Blakeslee, John P.; Goulding, Andy D.; McConnell, Nicholas J.; Nyland, Kristina; Thomas, Jens

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa5ebc

Cited by 36 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 119 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Insufficient overlap between the MASSIVE and ATLAS 3D samples (in terms of emission line selection/sensitivity) exists to compare the properties of the molecular emission with those of the ionised medium systematically. However, all of the molecular gas detected objects presented here that are also studied in Pandya et al (2017) show detectable [OII] emission. The inverse is not true, however, as some objects without detectable molecular gas do have detectable ionised gas emission.…”

Section: Ionised Gas Emissionmentioning

confidence: 71%

The MASSIVE survey – XI. What drives the molecular gas properties of early-type galaxies

Davis

Greene

et al. 2019

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this paper we study the molecular gas content of a representative sample of 67 of the most massive early-type galaxies in the local universe, drawn uniformly from the MASSIVE survey. We present new IRAM-30m telescope observations of 30 of these galaxies, allowing us to probe the molecular gas content of the entire sample to a fixed molecular-to-stellar mass fraction of 0.1%. The total detection rate in this representative sample is 25 +5.9 −4.4 %, and by combining the MASSIVE and ATLAS 3D molecular gas surveys we find a joint detection rate of 22.4 +2.4 −2.1 %. This detection rate seems to be independent of galaxy mass, size, position on the fundamental plane, and local environment. We show here for the first time that true slow rotators can host molecular gas reservoirs, but the rate at which they do so is significantly lower than for fast-rotators. Objects with a higher velocity dispersion at fixed mass (a higher kinematic bulge fraction) are less likely to have detectable molecular gas, and where gas does exist, have lower molecular gas fractions. In addition, satellite galaxies in dense environments have ≈0.6 dex lower molecular gas-to-stellar mass ratios than isolated objects. In order to interpret these results we created a toy model, which we use to constrain the origin of the gas in these systems. We are able to derive an independent estimate of the gas-rich merger rate in the low-redshift universe. These gas rich mergers appear to dominate the supply of gas to ETGs, but stellar mass loss, hot halo cooling and transformation of spiral galaxies also play a secondary role.

show abstract

Section: Ionised Gas Emissionmentioning

confidence: 71%

The MASSIVE survey – XI. What drives the molecular gas properties of early-type galaxies

Davis

Greene

et al. 2019

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Overplotted pink dots indicate galaxies with CO detections from Davis et al (2011Davis et al ( , 2016. Cyan symbols indicate galaxies with detectable nebular optical line emission (Pandya et al 2017). Among the cyan symbols, triangles represent extended emission, while circles represent unresolved detections.…”

Section: Comparison With Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A General Precipitation-limited L_X–T–R Relation among Early-type Galaxies

Voit

Greene

et al. 2018

ApJ

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The relation between X-ray luminosity (L X ) and ambient gas temperature (T ) among massive galactic systems is an important cornerstone of both observational cosmology and galaxy-evolution modeling. In the most massive galaxy clusters, the relation is determined primarily by cosmological structure formation. In less massive systems, it primarily reflects the feedback response to radiative cooling of circumgalactic gas. Here we present a simple but powerful model for the L X -T relation as a function of physical aperture R within which those measurements are made. The model is based on the precipitation framework for AGN feedback and assumes that the circumgalactic medium is precipitation-regulated at small radii and limited by cosmological structure formation at large radii. We compare this model with many different data sets and show that it successfully reproduces the slope and upper envelope of the L X -T -R relation over the temperature range from ∼ 0.2 keV through 10 keV. Our findings strongly suggest that the feedback mechanisms responsible for regulating star formation in individual massive galaxies have much in common with the precipitation-triggered feedback that appears to regulate galaxy-cluster cores. amount of energy similar to its thermal energy in a time t cool = 3nkT /2n e n i Λ(T ), where n e , n i , and n are the electron density, ion density, and total number density, respectively. Near the center of a typical galactic system, this cooling time is less than the age of the universe. Consequently, radiative cooling and whatever feedback it triggers inevitably modify the density distribution of the ambient medium and the resulting L X -T relation, with more pronounced effects at lower temperatures (e.g., Voit

show abstract

“…Results from finely-resolved stellar kinematics in the central ∼ 2 kpc regions of 20 MASSIVE galaxies are presented in Ene et al (2019); Ene et al (2020). In addition to the IFS data, we have also assembled an extensive array of multiwavelength data of MASSIVE galaxies to study stellar light profiles (Goullaud et al 2018), cold molecular gas (Davis et al 2016(Davis et al , 2019, warm ionized gas (Pandya et al 2017), and hot X-ray gas (Goulding et al 2016;Voit et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The MASSIVE Survey. XV. A Stellar Dynamical Mass Measurement of the Supermassive Black Hole in Massive Elliptical Galaxy NGC 1453

Liepold

Quenneville

et al. 2020

ApJ

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We present a new stellar dynamical mass measurement (M BH ) of the supermassive black hole (SMBH) in NGC 1453, a fast-rotating massive elliptical galaxy in the MASSIVE survey. We measure stellar kinematics in 135 spatial bins in the central 1.5 kpc by 2 kpc region of the galaxy using high signal-to-noise (S/N ∼ 130) spectra from the Gemini-North GMOS integral-field spectrograph (IFS). Combining with wide-field IFS kinematics out to ∼ 3 effective radii and stellar light distributions from Hubble Space Telescope (HST ) WFC3 images, we perform Schwarzschild orbit-based mass modeling in the axisymmetric limit to constrain the mass components in NGC 1453. The best-fit black hole mass is M BH = (2.9 ± 0.4) × 10 9 M ; the mass models without a central black hole are excluded at the 8.7σ level. The NGC 1453 black hole lies within the intrinsic scatter of the SMBH and galaxy scaling relations, unlike three other galaxies hosting 10 10 M SMBHs in the MASSIVE sample. The high-S/N GMOS spectra enable us to determine 8 moments of the Gauss-Hermite expansion of the line-of-sight velocity distributions (LOSVDs), which are used as constraints in the orbit modeling. The stellar orbits in the mass models are further constrained to produce negligible h 9 through h 12 to minimize spurious behavior in the LOSVDs. We show that truncating the series at h 4 , as was often done in prior work, leads to a much weaker constraint on the inferred M BH for NGC 1453. Furthermore, we discuss precautions and modifications that are needed to achieve axisymmetry in triaxial orbit codes that use the Schwarzschild method to sample the start space of stellar orbits in triaxial gravitational potentials.

show abstract

The MASSIVE Survey. VI. The Spatial Distribution and Kinematics of Warm Ionized Gas in the Most Massive Local Early-type Galaxies

Cited by 36 publications

References 119 publications

The MASSIVE survey – XI. What drives the molecular gas properties of early-type galaxies

The MASSIVE survey – XI. What drives the molecular gas properties of early-type galaxies

A General Precipitation-limited L_X–T–R Relation among Early-type Galaxies

The MASSIVE Survey. XV. A Stellar Dynamical Mass Measurement of the Supermassive Black Hole in Massive Elliptical Galaxy NGC 1453

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

The MASSIVE Survey. VI. The Spatial Distribution and Kinematics of Warm Ionized Gas in the Most Massive Local Early-type Galaxies

Cited by 36 publications

References 119 publications

The MASSIVE survey – XI. What drives the molecular gas properties of early-type galaxies

The MASSIVE survey – XI. What drives the molecular gas properties of early-type galaxies

A General Precipitation-limited LX–T–R Relation among Early-type Galaxies

The MASSIVE Survey. XV. A Stellar Dynamical Mass Measurement of the Supermassive Black Hole in Massive Elliptical Galaxy NGC 1453

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

A General Precipitation-limited L_X–T–R Relation among Early-type Galaxies