The mass ratio of splashed particles during raindrop splash phenomenon on soil surface

Beczek, Michał; Ryżak, Magdalena; Sochan, Agata; Mazur, Rafał; Bieganowski, Andrzej

doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.03.028

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Higher raindrop velocity contributes to higher rainfall kinetic energy (Xiao et al, 2018). Our results showed that for both soils, the splash erosion rates were distinctly larger at the rainfall height of 2 m than at the height of 1.2 m. This result is in accordance with those of the other studies that found that higher splash erosion rate was attributed to higher raindrop kinetic energy (Beczek, Ryżak, Sochan, Mazur, & Bieganowski, 2019; Hu, Liu, Xu, Du, et al, 2018; Xiao et al, 2018). This is mainly due to the fact that high rainfall kinetic energy corresponds to a strong ability to transport fine soil fragments.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Effect of soil internal forces on fragment size distributions after aggregate breakdown and their relations to splash erosion

Liu

et al. 2021

European J Soil Science

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Soil aggregate breakdown is the key step of splash erosion. Recent studies have shown that it is the soil internal forces that induce aggregate breakdown and subsequent splash erosion. However, little is known about the size characteristics of soil aggregate breakdown and corresponding effects on splash erosion. In this study, Cinnamon soil and Heilu soil were adopted to investigate the effects of soil internal forces on the characteristics of aggregate fragments and splash erosion through wet sieving and rainfall simulation. The results showed the following. (1) With a decrease in electrolyte concentration in soil solution, soil net repulsive force increased; meanwhile, aggregate stability decreased and splash erosion rate increased. Additionally, when the electrolyte concentration was less than 10−2 mol L−1, soil net repulsive force hardly changed, and aggregate stability and splash erosion rate accordingly varied very little. (2) With the increase in the soil net repulsive force, the content of fragments <0.053 mm released from aggregates increased, whereas the content of fragments >0.25 mm decreased, thus suggesting that the aggregates tended to break into fine fractions as soil net repulsive forces increased. (3) Regression analyses showed that soil splash erosion rate decreased linearly with increases in the aggregate stability; moreover, correlation analyses showed that splash erosion rate was significantly and positively correlated with the fragments with a diameter of <0.053 mm, and negatively correlated with the fragments with a diameter of >0.25 mm. This study suggests that soil internal forces induce the aggregate crush and determine the size distribution of fragments available for mobilization by the raindrop impact force. Also, the raindrop impact force is the driving mechanism leading to the movement of fragments. This study provides new insights into the mechanism responsible for splash erosion and could be valuable for controlling soil erosion. Highlights Soil aggregates breakdown dynamics and splash erosion were quantitatively investigated. Soil internal forces determined the size distribution of fragments after aggregates breakdown. The movement of soil fragments largely depended on raindrop impact force. Splash erosion was driven by the soil internal forces and raindrop impact force.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Effect of soil internal forces on fragment size distributions after aggregate breakdown and their relations to splash erosion

Liu

et al. 2021

European J Soil Science

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“…Among these properties, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), Fe and Al oxides and hydroxides, and SOC seem to play a major role in aggregate stability, with a debate as to which of them are more effective (Le Bissonnais, 1996;Six et al, 2004;Xue et al, 2019). The following natural mechanisms of soil aggregate breakdown are identified: slaking, breakdown by differential swelling, mechanical breakdown by raindrop impact and physicochemical dispersion (Le Bissonnais, 1996;Beczek et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sediment detachment in piping‐prone soils: Cohesion sources and potential weakening mechanisms

Bernatek‐Jakiel

Bruthans

Vojtíšek

et al. 2020

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Soil piping is a widespread land degradation process that may lead to gully formation. However, the processes involved in sediment detachment from soil pipe walls have not been well studied, although their recognition is a crucial step to protect soils from piping erosion. This study aims to recognize the factors affecting cohesion and to identify the mechanisms which are likely to be responsible for the disintegration of soil. The study has been conducted in mid-altitude mountains under a temperate climate (the Bieszczady Mountains, the Carpathians, SE Poland). The research was based on the detailed field and laboratory analyses of morphology, and the physical and chemical properties of soil profiles with and without soil pipes. Moreover, experiments with flooding the undisturbed soil samples using different solutions (deionized water, ammonium oxalate, dithionate citrate, 35% hydrochloric acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide) were conducted in order to check the role of air slaking, the removal of soil organic carbon (SOC), and Fe and Al oxides on sediment detachment. The obtained results have confirmed that soil pipes develop in quite cohesive soils (silt loams), which allow the formation and maintenance of pipes with a diameter up to 30cm. Soil cohesion, and thus susceptibility to piping, are impacted by the content of major oxides, soil particle size distribution, biological activity and porosity. The tested soils affected by piping erosion have a lower content of Al 2 O 3 and Fe 2 O 3 , and free Fe (Fe (DCB)), lower clay content, higher biological activity (more roots and animal burrows), higher porosity, and more and larger pores than the profile without soil pipes. The experiments have indicated that especially SOC along with Fe and Al oxides are an important cohesion source in the study area. This suggests that the removal of SOC, and Fe and Al oxides may weaken and disintegrate aggregates in soil pipes. Further study of soil leaching and tensile strength will broaden understanding of which chemical processes control where pipes will develop in other cohesive piping-prone soils.

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“…the proportions of the solid phase-soil and liquid phase-water. Since different types of particles are ejected during splash [17,55], it is expected that a change in the angle of the slope surface may affect the proportions and distributions of the splashed material for the downslope and upslope directions due to the various mechanisms of particle ejection. The method used in this study, based on the use of especially designed splash cups facilitating the measurement of the ratio between both phases (solid and liquid), was described in our previous work [55].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of slope incline on the ejection of two-phase soil splashed material

et al. 2022

Self Cite

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Soil splash is the first step in the process of water erosion, where impacting raindrops cause the detachment and transport of soil material. One of the factors that strongly influences the magnitude of soil splash is the incline of the surface (slope). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the slope on the course of the splash phenomenon caused by single-drop impact (one drop impact per soil sample), with respect to the mass and proportions of the ejected material, taking into account its division into solid and liquid phases i.e. soil and water. The investigation was carried out using three types of soil with different textures, in moistened (pressure head corresponding to -1.0 kPa) and air-dry (-1500 kPa) conditions. The soil samples were on three angles of slope, being 5°, 15°, and 30°, respectively. After a single-drop impact with a diameter of 4.2 mm, the ejected material was collected using a splash cup. The following quantities of splashed material were measured: the total mass, the mass of the solid phase, and the mass of the liquid phase. Additionally, the distribution and proportions (soil/water) of the splashed material were analysed in both the upslope and downslope directions. It was found that: (i) the change of slope had a variable influence on the measured quantities for different soils; (ii) in the case of moistened samples, the measured values were mainly influenced by the texture, while in the dry samples, by the angle of the slope; (iii) with the increase of slope, the splashed material was mostly ejected in the downslope direction (irrespective of moisture conditions); (iv) in the moistened samples, the ejected material consisted mostly of water, while in the dry samples it was soil—this occurred for material ejected both upslope and downslope. The obtained results are important for improving the physical description of the process of splash erosion. A more thorough understanding and better recognition of the mechanisms governing this phenomenon at all stages could contribute to the development of more effective methods for protecting soil against erosion.

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The mass ratio of splashed particles during raindrop splash phenomenon on soil surface

Cited by 25 publications

References 50 publications

Effect of soil internal forces on fragment size distributions after aggregate breakdown and their relations to splash erosion

Effect of soil internal forces on fragment size distributions after aggregate breakdown and their relations to splash erosion

Sediment detachment in piping‐prone soils: Cohesion sources and potential weakening mechanisms

Influence of slope incline on the ejection of two-phase soil splashed material

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