The Mass Criminalization of Black Americans: A Historical Overview

Hinton, Elizabeth; Cook, DeAnza A.

doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-060520-033306

Cited by 135 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…The first theme we identified that affects the levels of trust and confidence in the police is the inequitable treatment African Americans receive at the hands of the police. For example, compared to their white counterparts, African Americans were more likely to become victims of discrimination at the hands of law enforcement (Hinton & Cook, 2020). African Americans were also more likely than were whites to be pulled over unlawfully by police (Epp et al, 2014), targeted in drug dealing (Beckett et al, 2006), stereotyped as dangerous and violent (Johnson, 2001), and arrested (Langton & Durose, 2013).…”

Section: Study Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trust and Confidence in Police Officers and the Institution of Policing: The Views of African Americans in the American South

Pryce

Chenane

2021

Crime & Delinquency

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The relationship between the police and African Americans has been beset by a lack of trust for decades. Improving this relationship is important to scholars, practitioners, and citizens; as a result, we examine in this study African Americans’ trust and confidence in the police. Using trust questions found in the literature, we interviewed 77 African Americans in Durham, NC, to assess their views about the police. We found that for the police to earn the trust of African Americans, the police should treat African Americans equitably, invest in community policing, and respect African Americans. Although some respondents do not believe that their relationship with the police could be repaired, this is a small percentage of respondents, less than 5%.

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Section: Study Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trust and Confidence in Police Officers and the Institution of Policing: The Views of African Americans in the American South

Pryce

Chenane

2021

Crime & Delinquency

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“…Anti-Black punitive practices have shaped policing and race relations in the United States since its inception (Hinton & Cook, 2021). Recent studies consistently find that police are more likely to stop (Rojek et al, 2012), deploy force against (Legewie, 2016), use a disrespectful tone with (Voigt et al, 2017), and kill unarmed (Nix et al, 2017) African Americans.…”

Section: Dual Frustration and Legal Cynicismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gendered racial vulnerability: How women confront crime and criminalization

Powell

Phelps

2021

Law Soc Rev

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Prior research illustrates how race-class subjugated communities are over-policed and under-protected, producing high rates of victimization by other community members and the police. Yet few studies explore how gender and race structure dual frustration, despite a long line of Black feminist scholarship on the interpersonal, gender-based, and state violence Black and other women of color face. Drawing on interviews with 53 women in Minneapolis from 2017 to 2019, we examine how gendered racial vulnerability to both crime and criminalization shape dual frustration toward the law. Findings illustrate that police fail to protect women of color from neighborhood and gender-based violence, while simultaneously targeting them and their families. Despite their spatial proximity to women of color, white women remained largely shielded from the dual frustration of crime and criminalization. Attention to the gendered racial dimensions of dual frustration offers an intersectional framework for understanding women's vulnerability to violence and cultural orientations toward the law.

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“…In a hierarchy-maintenance framework, White police officers could use force to maintain racial hierarchy, authority hierarchy, or both, because they hold dominant identities in both hierarchies. With historical roots in slave patrols, American patrol policing has a deep history of maintaining social hierarchies ( 21 ). The present research investigates whether modern police violence may also function as hierarchy maintenance.…”

Section: Order Maintenance Authority Maintenance and Hierarchy Maintenancementioning

confidence: 99%

Supporting social hierarchy is associated with White police officers’ use of force

Swencionis

Pouget

Goff

2021

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Three studies translate social dominance theory to policing, testing the relationship between individual officers’ endorsement of social hierarchies and their tendency to use force against residents. This article demonstrates a link between officer psychological factors and force. Because police are empowered to use force to maintain social order, and because White officers hold a dominant racial identity, we hypothesized social dominance orientation (SDO) would relate to force positively for White officers. For Black officers, we hypothesized a weak relationship between SDO and force, if any. To test these predictions, we examined the relationships between SDO and force using negative binomial regression models stratified by officer race. In an eastern city, SDO relates to force incidents positively for White officers and negatively for Black officers. In a southern city, SDO relates to force positively for White officers, and not significantly for Black officers. Stratified by race and rank, a second eastern city shows a marginally significant, positive SDO/force relationship for White patrol officers, and no significant SDO/force relationship for Black patrol officers. Finally, testing our hypotheses on a dataset pooled across these cities revealed a positive SDO/force relationship among White officers, and no significant SDO/force relationship among Black officers. These findings are consistent with our hypotheses and suggest a need to examine the role that maintaining social hierarchies plays in police behaviors. Future research must continue to investigate these relationships, especially with larger samples of non-White officers, and information about officers’ patrol environments.

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The Mass Criminalization of Black Americans: A Historical Overview

Cited by 135 publications

References 58 publications

Trust and Confidence in Police Officers and the Institution of Policing: The Views of African Americans in the American South

Trust and Confidence in Police Officers and the Institution of Policing: The Views of African Americans in the American South

Gendered racial vulnerability: How women confront crime and criminalization

Supporting social hierarchy is associated with White police officers’ use of force

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