The Market for Patents in Europe

Gambardella, Alfonso; Giuri, Paola; Luzzi, Alessandra

doi:10.2139/ssrn.899539

Cited by 127 publications

(229 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Although we do not completely rule out the possibility of licensing contract viability, these results show that obviously licensing event is less common in weak IPR framework. This result goes in line with empirical evidence by Arora and Ceccagnoli (2006), Gambardella et al (2007), and Anand and Khanna (2000).…”

Section: Comparative Staticssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Regarding industries with weak IPR protection, the empirical evidence suggests that licensing is less common (Anand and Khanna 2000, Arora and Ceccagnoli 2006, Gambardella et al 2007). We study licensing decision in this framework when IPR holder faces weak competition by pirate companies who sell copy products with lower quality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have empirically considered the relationship between patent protection and licensing, finding that there is a higher propensity to license in industries with strong patent protection (e.g., Anand and Khanna 2000, Arora and Ceccagnoli 2006, Gambardella et al 2007). However, there is little understanding of the positive effects of licensing to speed up the sales diffusion under different levels of IPR protection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Licensing radical product innovations to speed up the diffusion

Avagyan

Esteban-Bravo

Vidal-Sanz

2014

European Journal of Operational Research

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Inventors can commercialize innovative products by themselves and simultaneously license the technology to other firms. The licensee may cannibalize sales of the licensor, but this can be compensated by gains from royalties. We show in this paper how licenses can be used strategically to speed up the new product diffusion process in two instances of markets: (i) a market with strong Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), and (ii) a market with weak IPR holder and pirate rivals. The main findings suggest that licensing is a beneficial strategy for a licensor in the context of strong IPR, because licensor benefits from the royalties, the advertising investment and positive word-of-mouth effects by licensees. We compare this result with a weak IPR context, where piracy speeds up the product diffusion but this does not compensate IPR holder for the sales loss effect who is willing to license to get some royalties. However, pirates do not generally find interesting the licensing agreement. We present a comparative statics analysis based on numerical simulation.

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Section: Comparative Staticssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Licensing radical product innovations to speed up the diffusion

Avagyan

Esteban-Bravo

Vidal-Sanz

2014

European Journal of Operational Research

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“…We first contend that the structural changes occur in Europe at a more modest pace (see also Gambardella et al, 2007). Despite the lack of relevant data, we articulate three statistical features.…”

Section: Europe's Path Towards Structural Changes In Industrial Randdmentioning

confidence: 95%

Structural changes in industrial R&D in Europe and the US: towards a new model?

Foray

Lhuillery

2010

Sci. and Pub. Pol.

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We analyse the structural changes that have characterised the organisation of industrial R&D over the last 25 years. Taking Mowery's work (Industrial and Corporate Change, 2009, 18(1), 1-50) on the US as a starting point, we reconsider the different aspects of structural change he examined, discuss their impact and the overall logic underlying them. We then examine Europe to discover to what extent these structural changes have occurred in recent years. While a certain structural evolution is perceptible, it is not on the same scale as that analysed for the US. Finally, we consider the extent to which the new structures are more or less 'efficient' than previous ones. We conclude with the implications for R&D and innovation policy implications. HIS PAPER ANALYSES THE structural changes that have characterised the organisation of industrial R&D over the last 25 years. Taking Mowery's work (2009) concerning the case of the US as a starting point, we reconsider the different aspects of structural change examined by him, discuss their impact and attempt to bring to light the overall logic of these transformations. According to Mowery, the fundamental reorganisation of R&D, as developed during the last 30 years in the US, is particularly characterised by more complex forms of industrial structures (vertical disintegration) in which a new sector occupies an important place (firms specialising in R&D and innovation 'services') and by the larger role played by market transactions in the coordination of innovative activities. The intensive use of intellectual property (IP) and licence agreements is the logical completion of this development, something that is occurring especially in the new high-tech industries.We then examine the case of Europe to discover to what extent these same structural changes have occurred. While a certain structural evolution is perceptible, it is not on the same scale as that analysed for the US. We try to understand why this is so by identifying the effects of industrial specialisation in particular. Europe's difficulty in achieving a leading position in the new high-tech industries is closely linked with the weakness of structural change, although the direction of causality is obviously difficult to determine.Finally, we ask ourselves to what extent the new structures are more or less 'efficient' than previous ones. In this respect we note that these new structures, in which the technology market is a powerful incentive mechanism facilitating the coordination of activities, still have significant inefficiencies, which in actual fact stem from the functioning of this market. We conclude with R&D and innovation policy implications, which in our opinion logically derive from this analysis, in general and for Europe in particular. Structural changes in industrial R&D in the US: 1980-2005The structural changes that industrial R&D has undergone over the last 25 years are considerable. We draw heavily on Mowery's work to identify the main aspects of these changes. We then try to identify some coher...

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“…Such studies, for instance, have been conducted to support open innovation (e.g., De Jong et al, 2008;Henkel and von Hippel, 2005), to analyse the role of intellectual property rights (IPR) (e.g., Gambardella et al, 2007;Guellec and Pottelsberghe, 2007), the promotion of eco-innovations (Bleischwitz et al, 2009) or the globalisation of innovation and its policy implications (e.g., De Backer and Hatem, 2010). Apart from the work of the OECD (2009), there is hardly any literature studying in a more systematic and forward looking manner the implications of the diverse new forms of innovation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innovation futures: new forms of innovation and their implications for innovation policy

Leitner

2013

IJFIP

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Abstract:While new organisational models of innovation were intensively discussed in the last decade, there is little systematic exploration concerning their potential for different sectors and areas and their wider implications for economy and society. We present findings from an international foresight project which analyses and discusses the emergence and diffusion of new innovation patterns and their consequences for innovation policy. Based on a collection of international practice examples from industry and society, innovation visions have been generated and assessed involving different experts from all over Europe. A generic trend identified can be best described as open, distributed and networked innovation process which is to a certain extent already addressed in current innovation policy making. However, other trends such as the increased use of information technologies or new spatial shifts related to organising and doing innovation have rather been underestimated so far and will require new policy responses in the future.

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The Market for Patents in Europe

Cited by 127 publications

References 41 publications

Licensing radical product innovations to speed up the diffusion

Licensing radical product innovations to speed up the diffusion

Structural changes in industrial R&D in Europe and the US: towards a new model?

Innovation futures: new forms of innovation and their implications for innovation policy

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