The Marathon Skate in Nordic Skiing Performed on Roller Skates, Roller Skis, and Snow Skis

Gervais, Pierre; Wronko, Craig

doi:10.1123/ijsb.4.1.38

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…For these reasons, in-line skates have been criticized as not satisfactorily allowing for the simulation of Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 17:11 04 January 2015 cross-country skiing. In comparing the kinematics of in-line skating and roller skiing with on-snow skiing, Gervais and Wronko (1988) found that both dry-land devices approximated the pattern of the marathon skate technique on snow, but that discrepancies in the propulsive phase suggested that the roller skis more closely simulated the on-snow technique. One group compared the physiological responses induced by the doublepole and VI skate techniques with in-line skates, roller skis and snow skis.…”

Section: Training Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…In addition, the common dry-land training technique of running with poles does not simulate skating nearly as well as it simulates the diagonal stride technique. However, as pointed out by several investigators, some caution must be applied to obtain optimal specificity from roller skiing (Baumann, 1985;Dillman and Dufek, 1983;Gervais and Wronko, 1988;Pinchak et al, 1987b;Yudin and Fedotov, 1975). Roller skis are typically at least one and a half times the weight of on-snow racing skis (Street, 1988), and obviously have a different interface with the skiing surface.…”

Section: Training Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In-line skates have recently become popular among recreational athletes, ice hockey players and speed skaters, and are also frequently used by cross-country skiers for simulating ski skating (Gervais and Wronko, 1988;Jones et al, 1989). These devices have several aligned wheels attached to a rigid above-the-ankle plastic boot.…”

Section: Training Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physiological aspects of competitive cross‐country skiing

Hoffman

Clifford

1992

Journal of Sports Sciences

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The physiological demands of cross-country skiing require competitive skiers to have high maximal oxygen uptakes and anaerobic thresholds. Anaerobic capacity has a relatively less important role, but may be of greater importance today with the faster race velocities resulting from the new skiing techniques of ski skating. Although use of the ski skating techniques results in faster race velocities than the classical techniques, it has been found that under some conditions the double-pole technique is more economical than other skiing techniques. It is suggested that this results from a more effective storage and recovery of elastic energy, a greater proportion of the forces being directed along the line of travel, and a lower air resistance due to greater trunk and hip flexion with the double-pole technique. The greater economy of the double-pole technique suggests that this may be advantageous in certain race conditions if the upper body is adequately prepared. The greater propulsive forces generated with the upper body with ski skating also suggest that training of the upper body should receive more emphasis. The potential cardiovascular adaptations from cross-country ski training appear to be similar for the classical and skating techniques, yet training specificity is important for optimal performance.

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Section: Training Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Training Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Physiological aspects of competitive cross‐country skiing

Hoffman

Clifford

1992

Journal of Sports Sciences

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“…In other words, a given increase in body mass should theoretically result in a proportionally smaller increase in the mechanical power cost. Although there are biomechanical differences between roller skiing and snow skiing (Dillman & Dufek, 1983;Gervais & Wronko, 1988;Pinchak, Hancock, Hagen, & Hall, 1987;Yudin & Fedotov, 1975), the theoretical relationships of P,, P, , P, , and Pa with body mass should not differ between these two activities. However, there does appear to be an important difference for P,.…”

Section: Theoretical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Body Mass on Energy Cost of Roller Skiing

Hoffman¹,

Clifford²,

Bota³

et al. 1990

International Journal of Sport Biomechanics

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A theoretical analysis was used to evaluate the effect of body mass on the mechanical power cost of cross-country skiing and roller skiing on flat terrain. The relationships between body mass and the power cost of overcoming friction were found to be different between cross-country skiing on snow and roller skiing. Nevertheless, it was predicted that the heavier skier should have a lower oxygen cost per unit of body mass for roller skiing, as is the case for snow skiing. To determine whether the theoretical analysis was supported by experimental data, oxygen consumption measurements were performed during roller skiing by six male cross-country ski racers who spanned a 17.3-kg range in body mass. The theoretical analysis was supported by the experimental findings of decreases in oxygen consumption for each kg increase in body mass of approximately 1.0% for the double pole technique, 1.8% for the kick double pole technique, and 0.6% for the VI skate technique.

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“…Additionally, searching with "marathon" and "skate" in the title field gave one relevant hit, i.e. Gervais and Wronko [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exhaustive Classification and Review of Techniques and Research Program for Techniques for Skate Skiing, Classical Skiing, and Ski Mountaineering

Hausken¹

2017

TOSSJ

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Background:Scattered analysis of some cross country skiing techniques is present in the literature.Objective:To provide an exhaustive classification and systematic overview of techniques in cross country skiing.Method:This paper classifies six techniques for skate skiing (gliding diagonal skate skiing G1, paddling G2, double dance G3, two skate G4, marathon skate, combiskate G5), four techniques for classical skiing (running diagonal stride RUN DS, diagonal stride DS, double poling kick DK, and double poling DP), five techniques for both skate skiing and classical skiing (herringbone HB, side-stepping G6, low tuck G7, plowing, skidding), and five techniques for steep terrain ski mountaineering. Classification occurs according to degrees of inclination of the terrain, speed ranges, whether the technique is propulsive or for downhill velocity control/turning, frequency of time applied, and literature references. Furthermore, techniques depend on snow conditions, friction, competition, training, wind, positioning within a race, the skier’s expertise, exhaustion level, acceleration, deceleration,etc.Results:Techniques can influence who wins races in cross-country skiing. Reasons for technique changes are provided, exemplified with technique changes through terrains with different inclines. Literature references are given for inclines and speeds for the various techniques.Conclusion:Essential for maturing skiers are the frequency and quality by which the six techniques for skate skiing, four techniques for classical skiing, and five techniques for both styles except mountaineering, are trained, when to use them, how and in which sequence they are introduced, and adequate supplementary training (e.g.crunches for double poling DP). A research program is sketched.

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The Marathon Skate in Nordic Skiing Performed on Roller Skates, Roller Skis, and Snow Skis

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Physiological aspects of competitive cross‐country skiing

Physiological aspects of competitive cross‐country skiing

Influence of Body Mass on Energy Cost of Roller Skiing

Exhaustive Classification and Review of Techniques and Research Program for Techniques for Skate Skiing, Classical Skiing, and Ski Mountaineering

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