The marathon group hypothesis: An unanswered question.

Marks, Stephen E.

doi:10.1037/h0034175

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…Another excellent source of evaluative-oriented questions is the two-volume work by Guttentag and Struening (1975). Articles that specifically address design issues in group research include Diamond and Shapiro (1975), Dinges and Weigel (1971), Marks et al (1973), Thoresen and Anton (1974), Cronbach and Furby ( 1970), Shontz (1972), and Gottman and Lieblum (1974). Regarding statistics, the more sophisticated reader will find Winer (1962) or Hays (1973) helpful for parametric statistics and Tasuoka (1971) for multivariate analysis.…”

Section: Surmountable Attitudinal Barriers To Quality Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such attrition may have a particularly strong effect in group research where numbers are typically quite small to begin with. As an example, Marks et al (1973) evaluated a group study in which onesixth of the treatment group (2 subjects) dropped out and their pretest scores were not reported. Without their scores, the group means might well have been different at pretesting.…”

Section: Yalom Suggests That the Investment Of Considerable Time And mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To use only one instrument is not recommended, since the investigator sacrifices information and possible insight (Cronbach and Furby, 1970). In addition, the process of therapeutic change is becoming recognized as multifactorial (Marks et al, 1973). Thus, the use of several measures based on different conceptual frameworks of positive mental health and adaptive psychological functioning are suggested.…”

Section: Yalom Suggests That the Investment Of Considerable Time And mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On many instruments, item overlap among subscales exists and hence they may not be considered to be independent measures either for the use of conventional statistics, or in the interpretation of findings. Some existing techniques for adjusting for means that are not independent are presented by Marks et al (1973). In addition, one should be aware of the correlation of subscales: if such are highly correlated (even without item overlap), it is likely that only one dimension is being assessed, regardless of subscale names.…”

Section: Yalom Suggests That the Investment Of Considerable Time And mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results have consequently been confounded. Or, the experience of participating in a group may lead individuals to attempt consciously to respond to the posttest according to their recall of pretest responses (Marks et al, 1973). Several techniques may be used to minimize these difficulties, including employment of nonreactive measures when possible (e.g., tests of low face validity, unobtrusive measures, and so forth).…”

Section: Yalom Suggests That the Investment Of Considerable Time And mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Small Group Research

Weigel

Corazzini

1978

Small Group Behavior

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Section: Surmountable Attitudinal Barriers To Quality Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Yalom Suggests That the Investment Of Considerable Time And mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Yalom Suggests That the Investment Of Considerable Time And mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Yalom Suggests That the Investment Of Considerable Time And mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Yalom Suggests That the Investment Of Considerable Time And mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Small Group Research

Weigel

Corazzini

1978

Small Group Behavior

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Prediction of self-actualization in male participants in a group conducted by female leaders

Follingstad¹,

Kilmann²,

Robinson³

1976

J. Clin. Psychol.

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Some evidence indicates that males prefer male over female counselors when asked to state a preference(e.g., (2, 14)). The reasons for this preference vary, but male counselors usually are attributed with greater trust, respect, and admiration (2). The literature on the authoritarian personality suggests that highly authoritarian persons tend to hold more traditional stereotypes with regard to male-female sex role behavior than persons who score lower in authoritarianism(e.g., ( I ) ) . Thus, it follows logically that males who score high in authoritarianism and reflect traditional attitudes toward women might not accept the authority and competence of female counselors and therefore might resist their treatment inputs. This hypothesized reaction should have a negative or no effect on outcome for these persons. By contrast, males who report lower authoritarian scores and greater agreement with profeminist attitudes before treatment should show a more positive treatment outcome when exposed t o female counselors.This study attempted to predict which male Ss would reflect higher selfactualization scores when exposed to a 16-hour marathon group conducted by female leaders. In this regard, prior studies have found positive changes in selfactualization as a function of a 16-hour marathon group experience (e.g., (', s)).Furthermore, the "isolated" nature of marathon treatment permits the E to place greater confidence in the assumption that the impact of treatment is not confounded with "therapeutic" inputs from informal contacts with persons outside the group. The three predictor scales measured authoritarianism, attitudes toward women, and need for social approval. An attempt also was made to determine whether males who score low in authoritarianism, reflect greater agreement with profeminist attitudes, and report a high need for social approval would rate the leader and the group experience more positively. METHODSubjects. The Ss were 25 male volunteers who were enrolled in an undergraduate psychology class. Ss were selected randomly from a male and female student population that had volunteered to participate in a 16-hour marathon group. The group was described as having the purpose of greater self-understanding and self-awareness. Before they volunteered, Ss were told that the composition of their group would be either all male, all female or mixed. The mean age of the entire sample was 21.3, with a range from 18 to 32 years.The two marathon groups were conducted by the same leader team, which consisted of a female who holds the doctorate in clinical psychology and a female predoctoral candidate in clinical psychology. The former leader took primary responsibility for directing the treatment format, while the second leader functioned as an adjunct facilitator. The two leaders had conducted a number of marathon groups together prior to this experiment. The leaders decided upon the sequence of group exercises prior to the beginning of the marathons and thereby controlled the treatment format in both groups.The treatm...

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The effects of structured and unstructured leader roles on internal and external group participants

Kilmann

Sotile

1976

J. Clin. Psychol.

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This study assessed the impact of structured and unstructured leader roles on measures of outcome for Ss who differed on the pretest dimension "locus of control." On the basis of their pretest locus of control scores, Ss were assigned to a structured or an unstructured marathon group. The treatment in the two 16-hour -arathons consisted of a defined series of exercises; the only difference between the two groups was the degree of leader control over member participation. As predicted, internal Ss in the unstructured group rated the leader and the group more psoitively than did external Ss, while the reverse responsivity occured in the structured group. Significant Locus of Control X Treatment interactions indicated that internal and external Ss reflected differential shifts in general anxiety, general depression, and locus of control as a function of treatment. The relationship between changes in self-actualization and locus of control and changes in conflict-handling styles and negative affects differed as a function of locus of control and treatment condition. The overall results coupled with prior findings tentatively support the appropriateness of an unstructured leader role for internal scores and a structured leader role for external scorers.

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The marathon group hypothesis: An unanswered question.

Cited by 13 publications

References 5 publications

Small Group Research

Small Group Research

Prediction of self-actualization in male participants in a group conducted by female leaders

The effects of structured and unstructured leader roles on internal and external group participants

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