The many roles of glutamate in metabolism

Walker, Mark C.; Donk, Wilfred A. van der

doi:10.1007/s10295-015-1665-y

Cited by 139 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…However, glutamate could not mimic the effects of AKG in the protein synthesis of C2C12 myotubes. Previous evidence suggests that glutamate plays a key function in nitrogen assimilation, amino acid biosynthesis, and cofactor production41. Moreover, glutamate reportedly enhances mucosal protein synthesis42.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Alpha-ketoglutarate promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy and protein synthesis through Akt/mTOR signaling pathways

Cai

Zhu

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Skeletal muscle weight loss is accompanied by small fiber size and low protein content. Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) participates in protein and nitrogen metabolism. The effect of AKG on skeletal muscle hypertrophy has not yet been tested, and its underlying mechanism is yet to be determined. In this study, we demonstrated that AKG (2%) increased the gastrocnemius muscle weight and fiber diameter in mice. Our in vitro study also confirmed that AKG dose increased protein synthesis in C2C12 myotubes, which could be effectively blocked by the antagonists of Akt and mTOR. The effects of AKG on skeletal muscle protein synthesis were independent of glutamate, its metabolite. We tested the expression of GPR91 and GPR99. The result demonstrated that C2C12 cells expressed GPR91, which could be upregulated by AKG. GPR91 knockdown abolished the effect of AKG on protein synthesis but failed to inhibit protein degradation. These findings demonstrated that AKG promoted skeletal muscle hypertrophy via Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. In addition, GPR91 might be partially attributed to AKG-induced skeletal muscle protein synthesis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Alpha-ketoglutarate promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy and protein synthesis through Akt/mTOR signaling pathways

Cai

Zhu

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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“…7 It has many important functions. 7,8 For example, it can regulate the metabolism of liver and small intestine, and help gut function. 8,9 In addition, it is the essential amino acid for lymphocyte proliferation and secretion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7,8 For example, it can regulate the metabolism of liver and small intestine, and help gut function. 8,9 In addition, it is the essential amino acid for lymphocyte proliferation and secretion. [10][11][12][13] Previous studies also indicate that glutamine has antioxidant effects and can improve intestinal immunity by stimulating the release of lymphocytes within the intestinal wall.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Combination of Glutamine and Ulinastatin Treatments Greatly Improves Sepsis Outcomes</p>

Wang¹,

Zhou²,

Bai³

2020

JIR

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Background: Sepsis is one of the most dangerous syndromes, has extremely high mortality, and is caused by the body's extreme responses to an infection. The pathogenesis of sepsis is very complex and remains largely unknown and thus the treatments for sepsis are limited. Here, we evaluated the treatment results of two potential drugs, glutamine and ulinastatin, on sepsis. Methods: CLP rat model was used to study sepsis. Gastrostomy was performed to deliver the drugs. Flow cytometry was employed to measure CD4 and CD8 levels. May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining was used to count the numbers of monocytes and neutrophils in the blood. ELISA assay was performed to assess the levels of PCT, IL-6, TNFα, and IL-1β. Results: Sepsis was successfully induced with the standard CLP rat model. Both glutamine and ulinastatin treatments greatly improved the outcomes of sepsis, but the combination of both treatments had the maximum therapeutic effect. Mechanistically, PCT, IL-6, TNFα, and IL-1β levels were significantly diminished following glutamine and ulinastatin treatments, suggesting an inhibition of inflammatory responses. Further, CD4 and CD4/CD8 ratio, and the numbers of monocytes and neutrophils were greatly up-regulated by glutamine and ulinastatin, indicating an enhanced immunity. Conclusion: Glutamine and ulinastatin treatments largely mitigate sepsis shock by suppressing the inflammatory responses of the body and strengthening the immune system. Combination of these two drugs could serve as a potential treatment for sepsis.

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“…It has been reported that glutathione can scavenge peroxides in the body, reduce cellular damage caused by oxygen free radicals, promote repair of damaged cells and increase the antioxidant capacity of the body. The decrease in glutamate indicates that glutathione is reduced, leading to the cell membrane beung damaged, the body being damaged by free radicals and the immunity being decreased (Walker & van der Donk, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomics analysis of the therapeutic mechanism of Semen Descurainiae Oil on hyperlipidemia rats using ¹H‐NMR and LC–MS

Cai

Zhao

Guan

et al. 2019

Biomedical Chromatography

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Semen descurainiae oil (SDO) is an important traditional Chinese medicine that was recently discovered to have the function of reducing blood lipids. Metabolomics analyses of plasma, liver and kidney in rats were performed using 1 H-NMR and LC-MS to illuminate the lower blood lipid concentration effect of SDO, and niacin was considered as the active control. The measure of total cholesterol (TC) and low-densitylipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in plasma showed that SDO treatment decreased significantly the content of TC and LDL-C. An orthogonal partial least squaresdiscriminant analysis approach was applied to identify the different metabolic profiles of plasma, liver and kidney in rats and to detect related potential biomarkers. The results suggested that the metabolic profiles of the control group and hyperlipidemia group showed significant difference and the SDO and niacin group had effective antihyperlipidemia function. The biomarkers primarily concern lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and glycometabolism, and the change in biomarkers indicated that hyperlipidemia could cause the unbalance of these metabolic pathways in vivo. SDO reduced blood lipids by repairing amino acid and lipid metabolism. KEYWORDS 1 H NMR, hyperlipidemia, LC-MS, metabolomics, semen descurainiae oil

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The many roles of glutamate in metabolism

Cited by 139 publications

References 93 publications

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Alpha-ketoglutarate promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy and protein synthesis through Akt/mTOR signaling pathways

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Alpha-ketoglutarate promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy and protein synthesis through Akt/mTOR signaling pathways

<p>Combination of Glutamine and Ulinastatin Treatments Greatly Improves Sepsis Outcomes</p>

Metabolomics analysis of the therapeutic mechanism of Semen Descurainiae Oil on hyperlipidemia rats using ¹H‐NMR and LC–MS

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The many roles of glutamate in metabolism

Cited by 139 publications

References 93 publications

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Alpha-ketoglutarate promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy and protein synthesis through Akt/mTOR signaling pathways

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Alpha-ketoglutarate promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy and protein synthesis through Akt/mTOR signaling pathways

<p>Combination of Glutamine and Ulinastatin Treatments Greatly Improves Sepsis Outcomes</p>

Metabolomics analysis of the therapeutic mechanism of Semen Descurainiae Oil on hyperlipidemia rats using 1H‐NMR and LC–MS

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Resources

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Metabolomics analysis of the therapeutic mechanism of Semen Descurainiae Oil on hyperlipidemia rats using ¹H‐NMR and LC–MS