The management of scoliosis in children with cerebral palsy: a review

Cloake, Thomas; Gardner, Adrian

doi:10.21037/jss.2016.09.05

Cited by 47 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 100 publications

(82 reference statements)

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“…Advances in surgical technique in recent decades have provided methods to treat scoliosis effectively while also reducing complication rates (Cloake and Gardner 2016). There are several arguments for early detection and treatment of scoliosis with increasing curve magnitude.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of scoliosis in cerebral palsy

et al. 2018

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Background and purpose - Surveillance of scoliosis in individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) is important for ensuring timely diagnosis and identification of curve progression. We analyzed the incidence of scoliosis in relation to age, sex, and gross motor function in a population-based cohort of individuals with CP. Patients and methods - This was a prospective register study of all 1,025 individuals born 1990-2012 in southern Sweden (1.4 million inhabitants) in the Swedish surveillance program for CP, which included >95% of the total population of people with CP in the area. Annual clinical examinations and radiographic measurement of the Cobb angle of those with a moderate or severe scoliosis were registered. We determined the incidence of scoliosis related to age, sex, and the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level. Results - The inclusion criteria were fulfilled by 962 individuals. The number of people (140/962) with scoliosis increased up to 20-25 years of age. The incidence of scoliosis was related to age and GMFCS level. In individuals at the lowest level of gross motor function (GMFCS V) scoliosis was seen in 10/131 before 5 years of age and at the age of 20 years 75% of these individuals had a Cobb angle ≥40°. No one in the highest level of motor function (GMFCS I) developed a Cobb angle ≥40° Interpretation - Surveillance programs for scoliosis in CP should be based on age and GMFCS level and should be initiated at a young age and continued into adulthood.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of scoliosis in cerebral palsy

et al. 2018

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“…Children at higher GMFCS levels (ie more severely affected gross motor function) have also been reported to develop scoliosis at an earlier age . Additional risk factors for scoliosis include being female, having undergone hip surgery, moderate to severe epilepsy, poor muscle control, muscle weakness and spasticity . Treatment modalities for scoliosis can be either surgical (segmental spinal fusion) or nonsurgical (spinal bracing) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Back pain is more frequent in girls and in children with scoliosis in the context of cerebral palsy

2019

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AimTo investigate the prevalence of general and back pain in children with cerebral palsy and the relationships between scoliosis and back pain.MethodsCross‐sectional register study based on data from the Swedish Cerebral Palsy Follow‐Up Programme. Descriptive analyses and logistic regression to regress age, sex, gross motor function, windswept, hip extension and source of report on the presence of pain.ResultsThe study included 3783 children (58% boys) 1‐18 (mean 10.0) years of age. General pain was reported in 1538 (44% girls, 38% boys) and back pain in 226 (7% girls, 5% boys) children. The proportion of back pain increased from <4% prior to age 12 years to >12% from 16 years of age. Back pain increased from 4% in children without scoliosis to 16% in children with severe scoliosis. Moderate/severe back pain increased from 2% in children without scoliosis to 10% in children with severe scoliosis. Increased odds of reporting back pain were found for age, girls, low gross motor function and children with scoliosis.ConclusionThe proportion of children with general pain increased with age and was more frequent in girls. Age, female sex, low gross motor function and scoliosis were significant predictors of back pain.

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“…For the scoliosis of patients with CP, surgery is the definitive treatment for correcting the deformed spine and preventing its progression 15) . However, patients with CP often have complications such as respiratory disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, osteoporosis, and epilepsy; thus, spine surgery may be highly risky.…”

Section: |mentioning

confidence: 99%

Progressive age and other factors affecting scoliosis severity in cerebral palsy patients

et al. 2020

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Objective: This study aimed to investigate the age at which scoliosis progresses to a severe condition and identify the factors related to severe scoliosis in patients with cerebral palsy. Patients and Methods: This retrospective study included 51 patients aged ≥15 years. The Cobb angle was measured over time using radiographs. Patients were divided into the following groups according to their final Cobb angle: <60°, 60°-100°, and ≥100°. The age at which the Cobb angle was ≥20° in the patients was compared among the groups. Moreover, the age at which a significant difference in the Cobb angle occurred in the groups was considered the age at which the scoliosis worsened. Association of the final Cobb angle with factors such as the location of curve, Gross Motor Functional Classification System (GMFCS), capability of turning over, orthosis use, hip dislocation, tracheotomy, and gastric fistula was examined. Results: The mean age at which the Cobb angle was ≥20° was significantly lower in the ≥100° group. From 9 years of age, a significant difference was noted in the Cobb angle between the <60° group and ≥100° group. Between 13-19 years, a significant difference in the Cobb angle was observed among the three groups. Furthermore, GMFCS, capability of turning over, hip dislocation, and gastric fistula were the factors showing a significant difference among the three groups. Conclusion: Scoliosis progressed to the severe form (Cobb angle ≥100°) at 9 years of age. Moreover, scoliosis is aggravated during the growth period. Severe cerebral palsy with low motor function levels and problems with internal functions was considered the cause of scoliosis deterioration.

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The management of scoliosis in children with cerebral palsy: a review

Cited by 47 publications

References 100 publications

Incidence of scoliosis in cerebral palsy

Incidence of scoliosis in cerebral palsy

Back pain is more frequent in girls and in children with scoliosis in the context of cerebral palsy

Progressive age and other factors affecting scoliosis severity in cerebral palsy patients

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