The mammalian homologue of the avian bursa of Fabricius

Functional Morphology of the Large Intestine

“…Recent findings further emphasize the prominent role that the immune system in general and the lymphoid tissue in particular have in colonic function (108,371,435,436,549). It is therefore surprising that relatively few morphological studies have been conducted on the large intestine of vertebrates.…”

<i>Nippostrongylus brasiliensis </i>Infection in the Rat: Effects of Surgical Removal of Peyer’s Patches, Mesenteric Lymph Nodes and Spleen

“…However, the true significance of PP and/or the draining mesenter ic lymph nodes (MLN) in resistance to intestinal in fection is unclear. Although surgical extirpation of GALT was used as a tool in the early functional char acterizations of GALT [2,3], it has not been applied to the study of intestinal infection. We have attempted to investigate GALT function by studying rats infect ed with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis fol lowing either surgical removal of all visible PP, MLN, and the spleen or sham-operative treatment.…”

Appendix: Between the Older Concepts and New Frontiers

“…Although it was thought the appendix itself could be the site for B-lymphocyte induction, the latest opinions favour this programming being more centralised in the bone marrow. [24] The appendix may still have a role in this highly significant function, but not alone, and its lymphoid tissue is known for certain to be involved in antibody production. These antibodies are of two types:…”

“…[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] It has been reported that the first appearance of the endocrine cells in human fetus occurs at the 11 th week of development. These cells produce various biogenic amines and peptide hormones that specially assist in the various biological control (homeostatic) mechanisms.…”