“…In contrast, informal economies consist of unrecorded transactions, labour exchange, as well as extra-legal activities that are not captured in, and accounted for by the formal system of financial records and official bureaucratic establishments (McCall, 2012). They include economic and industrial activities that are not regulated, measured, and governed by state and corporate institutions (Lim, 2019; Lobato, 2012). Informal practices are generally subterranean in that they are not visible for official documentations and oversight (Lobato, 2009; Miller, 2020).…”