The making of green steel in the EU: a policy evaluation for the early commercialization phase

Abstract

In the attempt to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from steel production, several large industry decarbonization projects have emerged in Europe. The commercialization of low-emission steel technology, however, faces systemic barriers such as a lack of infrastructure and unclear demand for greener steel. As part of its new commitment to climate-neutrality, the European Commission has announced plans to more actively create and reshape markets for green basic materials. The approach is inspired by the recent success story of renewable energy, where market interventionist policy has successfully led to cost reductions and supported the diffusion of wind and photovoltaics. However, the applicability of this type of policy to decarbonize basic materials has so far not been investigated. In this study, we evaluate the effectiveness, feasibility, efficiency and fairness of early commercialization policy support for the decarbonization transition of steel. We compare two approaches: demand side market creation and direct production subsidies through carbon contracts for difference. We find that the subsidy approach can more effectively enable the realization of primary green steel production. A complementary use of market creation policy instruments can reduce the production subsidy volumes needed and aid the global diffusion of new production methods. Although effective, we find that production subsidies will distribute the costs and benefits of the transition unequally. In order to improve effectiveness and fairness of the policy, parallel programmes such as electricity price guarantees and transitional assistance policies for disadvantaged regions are needed. Key policy insights. Carbon contracts for difference are the most promising policy instrument to commercialize low-emission primary steel but are likely to lead to unequal distribution of transition costs. . Market creation policies can support the global diffusion of low-emission primary steelmaking. . Material efficiency and demand reduction can reduce the need for primary steel production by more than 50%. . Regions without access to large amounts of renewable electricity are especially disadvantaged. . Unclear EU ETS benchmarks currently create a perverse incentive that keeps firms from investing in breakthrough technologies.

Life Cycle Assessment Applied to Railway Infrastructure: A Proposed Method

“…The results obtained for the total impact of GHG emissions in scenarios 1, 2 and 3 for the construction stage, in Table 8, have the same order of magnitude as the values presented in Table 3 by Mathieu, Pavaux and Gaudry (2013), as well as the observation that the track is the element that contributes most to the impacts, as also found by Krezo et al (2016) and Stripple and Uppenberg (2010). In this respect, steelmakers are currently making efforts to produce "green steel", mainly involving replacement of natural gas with hydrogen (Vogl, Åhman & Nilsson, 2020).…”

Phasing out the blast furnace to meet global climate targets

“…Intermediate steps that are aligned with a long-term zero-emission strategy that limits further carbon lock-in can be implemented already today. 46 The diversity of steel mills in terms of assets and sizes allows for varying and often intermediate and stepwise technological pathways, influenced by the specific geographic and economic context in which a site is embedded. For example, a recent refurbishment of a main asset might be a reason to prefer one technological path over another.…”

“…However, this delay in effective emission reductions can be Article mitigated if zero-emission steel technologies that replace current assets are able to capture green premium markets. 46 This would allow zero-emission alternatives to scale independently from the state of global blast furnace capacity and outcompete carbon-intensive steel production methods. In other words, demand previously served through the blast furnace route becomes demand for ''green'' steel, leading to emission reductions in line with blast furnace retirements and retaining the low-capacity utilization in the emission-intensive segment of steel production.…”

An industrial policy framework for transforming energy and emissions intensive industries towards zero emissions

“…Setting up such markets for industrial products relies on information instruments, such as carbon footprint tracing or tradable certificates for green materials. In turn, this facilitates the introduction of product requirements and quota obligations, and allows private and public actors to procure green products (Vogl et al, 2020). Demand-side policies aiming to establish markets for greener materials are emerging around the world, e.g.…”