The Making of a Flight Feather: Bio-architectural Principles and Adaptation

Chang, Wei-Ling; Wu, Hao; Chiu, Yu Kun; Wang, Shuo; Jiang, Ting; Luo, Zhong Lai; Lin, Yu; Li, Ang; Hsu, Jung-Mao; Huang, Hsuan‐Jung; Gu, How Jen; Lin, Tse Yu; Yang, Shun; Lee, Tsung Tse; Lai, Yung Chi; Lei, Mingxing; Shie, Ming‐You; Yao, Cheng Te; Chen, Yi Wen; Tsai, Jih-Chiang; Shieh, Shyh Jou; Hwu, Y.; Cheng, Hsu-Chen; Tang, Pin‐Chi; Hung, Shih Chieh; Chen, Chih Feng; Habib, Michael B.; Widelitz, Randall B.; Wu, Ping; Juan, Wen Tau; Chuong, Cheng Ming

doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.008

Cited by 32 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(72 reference statements)

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“…S4). Regulatory molecules involved in these differentiation processes were reported elsewhere (Chang et al 2019).…”

Section: Development Of Extant Feather Rachisesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Paraffin sections (10-μm thick) were cut perpendicular to the long axis of the rachis. H&E staining, BrdU assays, and immunohistological staining were performed according to standard protocols described by Schulte (1991), Lee et al (2001), and Chang et al (2019), respectively. Polyclonal antibody against feather keratin encoded on Chromosome 27 of G. gallus (Wu et al 2015) was generated by Gen-Script, using the SEGVPITSGGFDLSC epitope sequence.…”

Section: Histological Sections and Stainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…S2), and the displacement and the static stress of each model were analyzed. The hollow cylindrical rachises simulate medulla-free feathers with fully developed (e.g., extant penguin [Chang et al 2019]; Figs. 2A and S3A) and distally located vanes (Figs.…”

Section: Functional Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Variability in feather rachis flexural stiffness has been suggested to be determined by cross-sectional geometry, rather than via physical properties of feather keratins (Bonser and Purslow 1995;Wang and Meyers 2017;Chang et al 2019). Stiffness, in this context, is the resistance to deformation in bending and/or torsion.…”

Section: Comparisons Of Rachis Strengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This structure makes feathers light, flexible, and strong enough to withstand large aerodynamic forces encountered during flight (Lucas and Stettenheim 1972). A recent study revealed that the extant feather properties, including mechanical strength, are primarily determined by several factors including the cross geometry of the rachises, cell shape and bulk size of the medulla, and development of the cortical ridge (Chang et al 2019). These factors can vary along the proximal-distal axis of a single feather, among feathers from different body regions of a single taxon, and among taxa to help birds adapt to different ecological niches (Chang et al 2019).…”

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Variations of Mesozoic feathers: Insights from the morphogenesis of extant feather rachises

et al. 2020

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The rachises of extant feathers, composed of dense cortex and spongy internal medulla, are flexible and light, yet stiff enough to withstand the load required for flight, among other functions. Incomplete knowledge of early feathers prevents a full understanding of how cylindrical rachises have evolved. Bizarre feathers with unusually wide and flattened rachises, known as “rachis‐dominated feathers” (RDFs), have been observed in fossil nonavian and avian theropods. Newly discovered RDFs embedded in early Late Cretaceous Burmese ambers (about 99 million year ago) suggest the unusually wide and flattened rachises mainly consist of a dorsal cortex, lacking a medulla and a ventral cortex. Coupled with findings on extant feather morphogenesis, known fossil RDFs were categorized into three morphotypes based on their rachidial configurations. For each morphotype, potential developmental scenarios were depicted by referring to the rachidial development in chickens, and relative stiffness of each morphotype was estimated through functional simulations. The results suggest rachises of RDFs are developmentally equivalent to a variety of immature stages of cylindrical rachises. Similar rachidial morphotypes documented in extant penguins suggest that the RDFs are not unique to Mesozoic theropods, although they are likely to have evolved independently in extant penguins.

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“…S4). Regulatory molecules involved in these differentiation processes were reported elsewhere (Chang et al 2019).…”

Section: Development Of Extant Feather Rachisesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Histological Sections and Stainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Functional Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparisons Of Rachis Strengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Variations of Mesozoic feathers: Insights from the morphogenesis of extant feather rachises

et al. 2020

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Regional specific differentiation of integumentary organs: SATB2 is involved in α‐ and β‐keratin gene cluster switching in the chicken

Lin

Liang

et al. 2021

Developmental Dynamics

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Background: Animals develop skin regional specificities to best adapt to their environments. Birds are excellent models in which to study the epigenetic mechanisms that facilitate these adaptions. Patients suffering from SATB2 mutations exhibit multiple defects including ectodermal dysplasia-like changes. The preferential expression of SATB2, a chromatin regulator, in feather-forming compared to scale-forming regions, suggests it functions in regional specification of chicken skin appendages by acting on either differentiation or morphogenesis.Results: Retrovirus mediated SATB2 misexpression in developing feathers, beaks, and claws causes epidermal differentiation abnormalities (e.g. knobs, plaques) with few organ morphology alterations. Chicken β-keratins are encoded in 5 sub-clusters (Claw, Feather, Feather-like, Scale, and Keratinocyte) on Chromosome 25 and a large Feather keratin cluster on Chromosome 27.Type I and II α-keratin clusters are located on Chromosomes 27 and 33, respectively. Transcriptome analyses showed these keratins (1) are often tuned up or down collectively as a sub-cluster, and (2) these changes occur in a temporospatial specific manner.Conclusions: These results suggest an organizing role of SATB2 in clusterlevel gene co-regulation during skin regional specification.

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Integument

Ritchison

2023

In a Class of Their Own

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The Making of a Flight Feather: Bio-architectural Principles and Adaptation

Cited by 32 publications

References 42 publications

Variations of Mesozoic feathers: Insights from the morphogenesis of extant feather rachises

Variations of Mesozoic feathers: Insights from the morphogenesis of extant feather rachises

Regional specific differentiation of integumentary organs: SATB2 is involved in α‐ and β‐keratin gene cluster switching in the chicken

Integument

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