The Making and Taking of Lipids

Fozo, Elizabeth; Rucks, Elizabeth A.

doi:10.1016/bs.ampbs.2016.07.001

Cited by 34 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 505 publications

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“…This study suggests that apolar residues should represent the essential of the surface in acneic C. acnes strains and this character should be regulated by the microenvironment. The very hydrophobic C. acnes RT4 surface can even interrogate on the capacity of this bacterium to scavenge lipids from its environment as observed in many bacterial species (Fozo & Rucks, 2016). On the contrary, the non acneic C. acnes RT6 strain showed limited affinity to solvents, and particularly when it was grown in BHI, with an almost absence of affinity for the more apolar solvents.…”

Section: Rt4mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation of acneic and non acneic strains of Cutibacterium acnes to sebum‐like environment

et al. 2019

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Cutibacterium acnes, former Proprionibacterium acnes, is a heterogeneous species including acneic bacteria such as the RT4 strain, and commensal bacteria such as the RT6 strain. These strains have been characterized by metagenomic analysis but their physiology was not investigated until now. Bacteria were grown in different media, brain heart infusion medium (BHI), reinforced clostridial medium (RCM), and in sebum like medium (SLM) specifically designed to reproduce the lipid rich environment of the sebaceous gland. Whereas the RT4 acneic strain showed maximal growth in SLM and lower growth in RCM and BHI, the RT6 non acneic strain was growing preferentially in RCM and marginally in SLM. These differences were correlated with the lipophilic surface of the RT4 strain and to the more polar surface of the RT6 strain. Both strains also showed marked differences in biofilm formation activity which was maximal for the RT4 strain in BHI and for the RT6 strain in SLM. However, cytotoxicity of both strains on HaCaT keratinocytes remained identical and limited. The RT4 acneic strain showed higher inflammatory potential than the RT6 non acneic strain, but the growth medium was without significant influence. Both bacteria were also capable to stimulate β‐defensine 2 secretion by keratinocytes but no influence of the bacterial growth conditions was observed. Comparative proteomics analysis was performed by nano LC‐MS/MS and revealed that whereas the RT4 strain only expressed triacylglycerol lipase, the principal C. acnes virulence factor, when it was grown in SLM, the RT6 strain expressed another virulence factor, the CAMP factor, exclusively when it was grown in BHI and RCM. This study demonstrates the key influence of growth conditions on virulence expression by C. acnesand suggest that acneic and non acneic strains are related to different environmental niches.

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Section: Rt4mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation of acneic and non acneic strains of Cutibacterium acnes to sebum‐like environment

et al. 2019

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“…A critical component for the survival of many bacterial species during environmental stress is alteration of their membrane fatty acid composition, and this is particularly common in response to temperature changes (reviewed in references 3 and 4 ). For example, many bacteria, including the model organisms Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis , will increase the proportion of unsaturated membrane fatty acids in response to decreasing temperatures, presumably to maintain membrane fluidity (reviewed in reference 3 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Along with acclimating to changing temperatures, many bacteria will alter their membrane fatty acid composition in response to environmental acidification. As the pH lowers, Escherichia coli will increase the proportion of cyclopropane fatty acids in its membrane ( 8 and reviewed in reference 4 ). Deletion of the major cyclopropane synthase gene renders the organism acid sensitive ( 9 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterococcus faecalis Responds to Individual Exogenous Fatty Acids Independently of Their Degree of Saturation or Chain Length

Saito

Harp

Fozo

2018

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal of the human gastrointestinal tract that can persist in the external environment and is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections. Given its diverse habitats, the organism has developed numerous strategies to survive a multitude of environmental conditions. Previous studies have demonstrated that E. faecalis will incorporate fatty acids from bile and serum into its membrane, resulting in an induced tolerance to membrane-damaging agents. To discern whether all fatty acids induce membrane stress protection, we examined how E. faecalis responded to individually supplied fatty acids. E. faecalis readily incorporated fatty acids 14 to 18 carbons in length into its membrane but poorly incorporated fatty acids shorter or longer than this length. Supplementation with saturated fatty acids tended to increase generation time and lead to altered cellular morphology in most cases. Further, exogenously supplied saturated fatty acids did not induce tolerance to the membrane-damaging antibiotic daptomycin. Supplementation with unsaturated fatty acids produced variable growth effects, with some impacting generation time and morphology. Exogenously supplied unsaturated fatty acids that are normally produced by E. faecalis and those that are found in bile or serum could restore growth in the presence of a fatty acid biosynthetic inhibitor. However, only the eukaryote-derived fatty acids oleic acid and linoleic acid provided protection from daptomycin. Thus, exogenous fatty acids do not lead to a common physiological effect on E. faecalis. The organism responds uniquely to each, and only host-derived fatty acids induce membrane protection.IMPORTANCE Enterococcus faecalis is a commonly acquired hospital infectious agent with resistance to many antibiotics, including those that target its cellular membrane. We previously demonstrated that E. faecalis will incorporate fatty acids found in human fluids, like serum, into its cellular membrane, thereby altering its membrane composition. In turn, the organism is better able to survive membrane-damaging agents, including the antibiotic daptomycin. We examined fatty acids commonly found in serum and those normally produced by E. faecalis to determine which fatty acids can induce protection from membrane damage. Supplementation with individual fatty acids produced a myriad of different effects on cellular growth, morphology, and stress response. However, only host-derived unsaturated fatty acids provided stress protection. Future studies are aimed at understanding how these specific fatty acids induce protection from membrane damage.

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“…An emerging concept is that some bacteria have evolved to recognize lipid molecules in a manner that affects physiology and pathogenesis [ 6 – 8 ]. Vibrio species, for example, have been shown to incorporate exogenous fatty acids into membrane phospholipids [ 9 , 10 ], causing alterations in phospholipid structure and changes in biofilm formation and motility [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudomonas aeruginosa responds to exogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) by modifying phospholipid composition, membrane permeability, and phenotypes associated with virulence

et al. 2018

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BackgroundPseudomonas aeruginosa, a common opportunistic pathogen, is known to cause infections in a variety of compromised human tissues. An emerging mechanism for microbial survival is the incorporation of exogenous fatty acids to alter the cell’s membrane phospholipid profile. With these findings, we show that exogenous fatty acid exposure leads to changes in bacterial membrane phospholipid structure, membrane permeability, virulence phenotypes and consequent stress responses that may influence survival and persistence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.ResultsThin-layer chromatography and ultra performance liquid chromatography / ESI-mass spectrometry indicated alteration of bacterial phospholipid profiles following growth in the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (ranging in carbon length and unsaturation). The exogenously supplied fatty acids were incorporated into the major bacterial phospholipids phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The incorporation of fatty acids increased membrane permeability as judged by both accumulation and exclusion of ethidium bromide. Individual fatty acids were identified as modifying resistance to the cyclic peptide antibiotics polymyxin B and colistin, but not the beta-lactam imipenem. Biofilm formation was increased by several PUFAs and significant fluctuations in swimming motility were observed.ConclusionsOur results emphasize the relevance and complexity of exogenous fatty acids in the membrane physiology and pathobiology of a medically important pathogen. P. aeruginosa exhibits versatility with regard to utilization of and response to exogenous fatty acids, perhaps revealing potential strategies for prevention and control of infection.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1259-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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The Making and Taking of Lipids

Cited by 34 publications

References 505 publications

Adaptation of acneic and non acneic strains of Cutibacterium acnes to sebum‐like environment

Adaptation of acneic and non acneic strains of Cutibacterium acnes to sebum‐like environment

Enterococcus faecalis Responds to Individual Exogenous Fatty Acids Independently of Their Degree of Saturation or Chain Length

Pseudomonas aeruginosa responds to exogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) by modifying phospholipid composition, membrane permeability, and phenotypes associated with virulence

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