The majority of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in COVID-19 patients with obesity are autoimmune and not neutralizing

Frasca, Daniela; Reidy, Lisa; Romero, Maria; Diaz, Alain; Cray, Carolyn; Kahl, Kristin; Blomberg, Bonnie B.

doi:10.1038/s41366-021-01016-9

Cited by 41 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Obesity-has been increasing over time [100]. It creates systemic inflammation, reduces B-cell function [101,102], generates auto-immune antibodies during infection [103,104], and interferes with influenza vaccination efficiency [103,104]. As demonstrated in Figure S1 and Figure A5 the effect of the trends in elderly obesity alone has the potential to explain a moderate proportion of the gap between the lines in Figure 7.…”

Section: Factors Increasing Ewm With Time Factors Reducing Ewm With Timementioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Excess Winter Mortality (EWM) from 1900/01 to 2019/20—Evidence for a Complex System of Multiple Long-Term Trends

Jones¹,

Ponomarenko

2022

IJERPH

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Trends in excess winter mortality (EWM) were investigated from the winter of 1900/01 to 2019/20. During the 1918–1919 Spanish flu epidemic a maximum EWM of 100% was observed in both Denmark and the USA, and 131% in Sweden. During the Spanish flu epidemic in the USA 70% of excess winter deaths were coded to influenza. EWM steadily declined from the Spanish flu peak to a minimum around the 1960s to 1980s. This decline was accompanied by a shift in deaths away from the winter and spring, and the EWM calculation shifted from a maximum around April to June in the early 1900s to around March since the late 1960s. EWM has a good correlation with the number of estimated influenza deaths, but in this context influenza pandemics after the Spanish flu only had an EWM equivalent to that for seasonal influenza. This was confirmed for a large sample of world countries for the three pandemics occurring after 1960. Using data from 1980 onward the effect of influenza vaccination on EWM were examined using a large international dataset. No effect of increasing influenza vaccination could be discerned; however, there are multiple competing forces influencing EWM which will obscure any underlying trend, e.g., increasing age at death, multimorbidity, dementia, polypharmacy, diabetes, and obesity—all of which either interfere with vaccine effectiveness or are risk factors for influenza death. After adjusting the trend in EWM in the USA influenza vaccination can be seen to be masking higher winter deaths among a high morbidity US population. Adjusting for the effect of increasing obesity counteracted some of the observed increase in EWM seen in the USA. Winter deaths are clearly the outcome of a complex system of competing long-term trends.

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Section: Factors Increasing Ewm With Time Factors Reducing Ewm With Timementioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Excess Winter Mortality (EWM) from 1900/01 to 2019/20—Evidence for a Complex System of Multiple Long-Term Trends

Jones¹,

Ponomarenko

2022

IJERPH

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“…Moreover, the patients with obesity had significantly lower levels of anti-Spike IgG versus lean patients. Finally, few COVID-19 patients with obesity had neutralizing antibodies, while all of their lean counterparts had it [ 154 ].…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Disrupts the Early Immune Response: Interferonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and Leptin Resistance in the Regulation of the Type I Interferon Early Response and the Increased Risk for Severe COVID-19

et al. 2022

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Obesity, and obesity-associated conditions such as hypertension, chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, are important risk factors for severe Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The common denominator is metaflammation, a portmanteau of metabolism and inflammation, which is characterized by chronically elevated levels of leptin and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These induce the “Suppressor Of Cytokine Signaling 1 and 3” (SOCS1/3), which deactivates the leptin receptor and also other SOCS1/3 sensitive cytokine receptors in immune cells, impairing the type I and III interferon early responses. By also upregulating SOCS1/3, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 adds a significant boost to this. The ensuing consequence is a delayed but over-reactive immune response, characterized by high-grade inflammation (e.g., cytokine storm), endothelial damage, and hypercoagulation, thus leading to severe COVID-19. Superimposing an acute disturbance, such as a SARS-CoV-2 infection, on metaflammation severely tests resilience. In the long run, metaflammation causes the “typical western” conditions associated with metabolic syndrome. Severe COVID-19 and other serious infectious diseases can be added to the list of its short-term consequences. Therefore, preventive measures should include not only vaccination and the well-established actions intended to avoid infection, but also dietary and lifestyle interventions aimed at improving body composition and preventing or reversing metaflammation.

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“…Obesity -has been increasing over time [87]. It creates systemic inflammation, reduces B-cell function [95,96], generates auto-immune antibodies during infection [97], and interferes with influenza vaccination efficiency [98,99].…”

Section: Factors Increasing Ewm With Time Factors Reducting Ewm With ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Excess Winter Mortality (EWM) From 1900/01 to 2019/20—Evidence for a Complex System of Multiple Long-Term Trends

Jones¹,

Ponomarenko²

2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Trends in excess winter mortality (EWM) were investigated from the winter of 1900/01 to 2019/20. During the 1918-1919 Spanish flu epidemic a maximum EWM of 100% was observed in both Denmark and the USA. During the Spanish flu epidemic in the USA 70% of excess winter deaths were coded to influenza. EWM steadily declined from the Spanish flu peak to a minimum around the 1970’s to 1980’s. There is evidence that this decline was accompanied by a shift in deaths away from the winter, and that the EWM calculation shifted from a maximum around April to June in the early 1900’s to around March since 1967. EWM has a good correlation with the number of estimated influenza deaths, but in this context influenza pandemics after the Spanish flu only had an EWM equivalent to that for seasonal influenza. Using data from 1980 onward the effect of influenza vaccination on EWM was examined using a large international data set. No effect of increasing influenza vaccination could be discerned; however, there are multiple competing forces influencing EWM which will obscure any underlying trend, e.g., increasing age at death, multimorbidity, dementia, polypharmacy, diabetes, and obesity – all of which either interfere with vaccine effectiveness or are risk factors for influenza death. After adjusting the trend in EWM in the USA influenza vaccination can be seen to be masking higher winter deaths among a high morbidity US population. Winter deaths are clearly the outcome of a complex system of competing long-term trends.

show abstract

The majority of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in COVID-19 patients with obesity are autoimmune and not neutralizing

Cited by 41 publications

References 39 publications

Trends in Excess Winter Mortality (EWM) from 1900/01 to 2019/20—Evidence for a Complex System of Multiple Long-Term Trends

Trends in Excess Winter Mortality (EWM) from 1900/01 to 2019/20—Evidence for a Complex System of Multiple Long-Term Trends

Obesity and Leptin Resistance in the Regulation of the Type I Interferon Early Response and the Increased Risk for Severe COVID-19

Trends in Excess Winter Mortality (EWM) From 1900/01 to 2019/20—Evidence for a Complex System of Multiple Long-Term Trends

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