The magnitude and components of change in the black–white IQ difference from 1920 to 1991: A birth cohort analysis of the Woodcock–Johnson standardizations

Murray, Charles

doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.02.001

Cited by 30 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…For example, Rushton and Jensen (2006) calculated that the mean Black gain on the IQ tests discussed by Dickens and Flynn (2006) was only 2.1 points (14%) because these authors, for a variety of proffered methodological reasons, had excluded several tests showing small, nil, and negative gains, and also because they had used a projected trend line that exaggerated the gain. Nor was there any evidence of narrowing on other IQ tests over the 1970 to 1992 time period (Murray, 2006(Murray, , 2007. Nisbett's (2009) claim of a 35% Black improvement on the NAEP tests is also greatly exaggerated.…”

Section: Is the Iq Gap Narrowing?mentioning

confidence: 98%

The rise and fall of the Flynn Effect as a reason to expect a narrowing of the Black–White IQ gap☆

Rushton

Jensen

2010

Intelligence

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Section: Is the Iq Gap Narrowing?mentioning

confidence: 98%

The rise and fall of the Flynn Effect as a reason to expect a narrowing of the Black–White IQ gap☆

Rushton

Jensen

2010

Intelligence

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“…• Kinesthetic sensitivity (KS) of the KABC II, Luo, Thompson and Detterman's (2006) evaluation of the criterion validity of measures of basic cognitive processes (WJ III), and Murray's (2007) analysis of changes in black-white IQ differences across all three editions of the WJ III battery. All three publications frequently reference the KABC II and WJ III manuals, the seminal and foundational works of the Carroll and Cattell-Horn models, and refer to the underlying theory as Gf-Gc theory.…”

Section: Broad Retrieval Ability (Gr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

CHC theory and the human cognitive abilities project: Standing on the shoulders of the giants of psychometric intelligence research

McGrew¹

2009

Intelligence

1,055

877

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“…Other researchers have also failed to find a significant narrowing of the Black-White gap over the 30 years covered by Flynn (i.e., from 1972 to 2002). For example, Murray [26,27] concluded there was "no narrowing" in two independent studies. In the first, he found no narrowing in either verbal IQ or achievement test scores for children born to women in the 1979 sample of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Race and IQ: A Theory-Based Review of the Research in Richard Nisbett s Intelligence and How to Get It

Rushton¹,

Jensen²

2010

TOPSYJ

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We provide a detailed review of data from psychology, genetics, and neuroscience in a point-counterpoint format to enable readers to identify the merits and demerits of each side of the debate over whether the culture-only (0% genetic-100% environmental) or nature + nurture model (50% genetic-50% environmental) best explains mean ethnic group differences in intelligence test scores: Jewish (mean IQ = 113), East Asian (106), White (100), Hispanic (90), South Asian (87), African American (85), and sub-Saharan African (70). We juxtapose Richard Nisbett's position, expressed in his book Intelligence and How to Get It, with our own, to examine his thesis that cultural factors alone are sufficient to explain the differences and that the nature + nurture model we have presented over the last 40 years is unnecessary. We review the evidence in 14 topics of contention: (1) data to be explained; (2) malleability of IQ test scores; (3) cultureloaded versus g-loaded tests; (4) stereotype threat, caste, and "X" factors; (5) reaction-time measures; (6) within-race heritability; (7) between-race heritability; (8) sub-Saharan African IQ scores; (9) race differences in brain size; (10) sex differences in brain size; (11) trans-racial adoption studies; (12) racial admixture studies; (13) regression to the mean effects; and (14) human origins research and life-history traits. We conclude that the preponderance of evidence demonstrates that in intelligence, brain size, and other life history traits, East Asians average higher than do Europeans who average higher do South Asians, African Americans, or sub-Saharan Africans. The group differences are between 50 and 80% heritable.Nisbett: James Flynn discovered that in the developed world as a whole, IQ scores increased markedly over the last 50 years. This suggests that the 15-point IQ difference between Blacks and Whites will gradually disappear over time. Indeed, Black IQ today is superior to White IQ in 1950! Dickens and Flynn [24] showed the Black-White IQ gap narrowed by 5.5 points between 1972 and 2002. They documented a drop from 15 to 9.5 points on a combination of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), the Stanford-Binet, and the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT). It is hard to overestimate the importance of a gap reduction of this magnitude. It reduces the ratio of Whites to Blacks with an IQ of 130 (the level needed to be a highly successful professional) from 18 to 1 to only 6 to 1. Even including the several additional tests that Rushton and Jensen [25] said were wrongly omitted, the median Black IQ gain is still 4.5 points, which is not very different from the 5.5 point estimate given by Dickens and Flynn.The Black-White difference shrank comparably on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Long-Term Trend tests. These have been given every few years since the early 1970s by the U.S. Department of Education to a random sample of 9-, 13-, and 17-year-olds. For children born as early as 1954,...

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The magnitude and components of change in the black–white IQ difference from 1920 to 1991: A birth cohort analysis of the Woodcock–Johnson standardizations

Cited by 30 publications

References 24 publications

The rise and fall of the Flynn Effect as a reason to expect a narrowing of the Black–White IQ gap☆

The rise and fall of the Flynn Effect as a reason to expect a narrowing of the Black–White IQ gap☆

CHC theory and the human cognitive abilities project: Standing on the shoulders of the giants of psychometric intelligence research

Race and IQ: A Theory-Based Review of the Research in Richard Nisbett s Intelligence and How to Get It

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The magnitude and components of change in the black–white IQ difference from 1920 to 1991: A birth cohort analysis of the Woodcock–Johnson standardizations

Cited by 30 publications

References 24 publications

The rise and fall of the Flynn Effect as a reason to expect a narrowing of the Black–White IQ gap☆

The rise and fall of the Flynn Effect as a reason to expect a narrowing of the Black–White IQ gap☆

CHC theory and the human cognitive abilities project: Standing on the shoulders of the giants of psychometric intelligence research

Race and IQ: A Theory-Based Review of the Research in Richard Nisbett  s Intelligence and How to Get It

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Race and IQ: A Theory-Based Review of the Research in Richard Nisbett s Intelligence and How to Get It