The magmatic and eruptive evolution of the 1883 caldera-forming eruption of Krakatau: Integrating field- to crystal-scale observations

Madden-Nadeau, Amber; Cassidy, Michael; Pyle, David M.; Mather, Tamsin A.; Watt, Sebastian; Engwell, Samantha; Abdurrachman, Mirzam; Nurshal, Muhammad Edo Marshal; Tappin, D. R.; Ismail, Taufik

doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107176

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…The highly explosive nature of the 2022 HTHH eruption was driven by violent magmaseawater interaction, and the event drew comparisons with the 1883 eruption of Krakatau (Indonesia), which produced some analogous atmospheric wave phenomena (Symons, 1888). However, the extent of magma-seawater interaction in the 1883 Krakatau eruption is still debated and may have been limited during most of the eruption sequence (e.g., Self, 1992;Madden-Nadeau et al, 2022), whereas the 2022 HTHH eruption vent was clearly submarine at the onset of the eruption on 15 January 2022. Analysis of the 2022 HTHH eruption therefore provides an unprecedented opportunity to gain insight into violent, shallow submarine eruptions, and into the potential hazards and atmospheric impacts of explosive submarine volcanism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Out of the blue: Volcanic SO2 emissions during the 2021–2022 eruptions of Hunga Tonga—Hunga Ha’apai (Tonga)

et al. 2022

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Most volcanism on Earth is submarine, but volcanic gas emissions by submarine eruptions are rarely observed and hence largely unquantified. On 15 January 2022 a submarine eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) volcano (Tonga) generated an explosion of historic magnitude, and was preceded by ∼1 month of Surtseyan eruptive activity and two precursory explosive eruptions. We present an analysis of ultraviolet (UV) satellite measurements of volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO2) between December 2021 and the climactic 15 January 2022 eruption, comprising an unprecedented record of Surtseyan eruptive emissions. UV measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA’s Aura satellite, the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) on Suomi-NPP, the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on ESA’s Sentinel-5P, and the Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) aboard the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) are combined to yield a consistent multi-sensor record of eruptive degassing. We estimate SO2 emissions during the eruption’s key phases: the initial 19 December 2021 eruption (∼0.01 Tg SO2); continuous SO2 emissions from 20 December 2021—early January 2022 (∼0.12 Tg SO2); the 13 January 2022 stratospheric eruption (0.06 Tg SO2); and the paroxysmal 15 January 2022 eruption (∼0.4–0.5 Tg SO2); yielding a total SO2 emission of ∼0.6–0.7 Tg SO2 for the eruptive episode. We interpret the vigorous SO2 emissions observed prior to the January 2022 eruptions, which were significantly higher than measured in the 2009 and 2014 HTHH eruptions, as strong evidence for a rejuvenated magmatic system. High cadence DSCOVR/EPIC SO2 imagery permits the first UV-based analysis of umbrella cloud spreading and volume flux in the 13 January 2022 eruption, and also tracks early dispersion of the stratospheric SO2 cloud injected on January 15. The ∼0.4–0.5 Tg SO2 discharged by the paroxysmal 15 January 2022 HTHH eruption is low relative to other eruptions of similar magnitude, and a review of other submarine eruptions in the satellite era indicates that modest SO2 yields may be characteristic of submarine volcanism, with the emissions and atmospheric impacts likely dominated by water vapor. The origin of the low SO2 loading awaits further investigation but scrubbing of SO2 in the water-rich eruption plumes and rapid conversion to sulfate aerosol are plausible, given the exceptional water emission by the 15 January 2022 HTHH eruption.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Out of the blue: Volcanic SO2 emissions during the 2021–2022 eruptions of Hunga Tonga—Hunga Ha’apai (Tonga)

et al. 2022

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“…There are three infamous volcanoes that resulted in caldera during the historic time in Indonesia, i.e., Samalas in Lombok (1257 CE), Tambora in Sumbawa (1815 CE), and Krakatoa in the Sunda Strait (1883 CE) [15,16,34,35]. Compared to the two others, caldera in Krakatoa is non-visible due to total collapse of the volcano in 1883 CE [36]. Samalas caldera is the largest (~6 km-wide) (Figure 3A-C).…”

Section: Impacts On the Volcanic Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Local and Global Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions and Disaster Management Practices: The Indonesian Example

et al. 2021

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This paper discusses the relations between the impacts of volcanic eruptions at multiple-scales and the related-issues of disaster-risk reduction (DRR). The review is structured around local and global impacts of volcanic eruptions, which have not been widely discussed in the literature, in terms of DRR issues. We classify the impacts at local scale on four different geographical features: impacts on the drainage system, on the structural morphology, on the water bodies, and the impact on societies and the environment. It has been demonstrated that information on local impacts can be integrated into four phases of the DRR, i.e., monitoring, mapping, emergency, and recovery. In contrast, information on the global impacts (e.g., global disruption on climate and air traffic) only fits the first DRR phase. We have emphasized the fact that global impacts are almost forgotten in the DRR programs. For this review, we have extracted case studies from Indonesia, and compared them to those of other regions, because Indonesia is home to >130 volcanoes and experienced several latest volcanic eruptions with VEI > 5.

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“…Gardner et al (2012) also revealed a complex plumbing system consisting of many small but shallow magma pockets beneath Anak Krakatau. Madden-Nadeau et al (2021) suggested that different meltrich regions in the shallow system coalesced and mixed over certain periods, leading to the 1883 climactic eruption. Continuous integrated multi-discipline studies are crucial to 10.3389/feart.2024.1245001 monitoring the evolution of the Anak Krakatau volcanic activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical characteristics of Anak Krakatau’s (Indonesia) lava in the past half-century

Nurfiani,

Ismail,

Pratama

et al. 2024

Front. Earth Sci.

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The magmatic and eruptive evolution of the 1883 caldera-forming eruption of Krakatau: Integrating field- to crystal-scale observations

Cited by 12 publications

References 84 publications

Out of the blue: Volcanic SO2 emissions during the 2021–2022 eruptions of Hunga Tonga—Hunga Ha’apai (Tonga)

Out of the blue: Volcanic SO2 emissions during the 2021–2022 eruptions of Hunga Tonga—Hunga Ha’apai (Tonga)

Review of Local and Global Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions and Disaster Management Practices: The Indonesian Example

Geochemical characteristics of Anak Krakatau’s (Indonesia) lava in the past half-century

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