The Macroscopic Quantum Behavior of Protons in the KHCO3 Crystal: Theory and Experiments

Abstract

For hydrogen bonded crystals exhibiting proton transfer along hydrogen bonds, namely O1 − H· · · O2 ←→ O1 · · · H − O2, there is a dichotomy of interpretation consisting in that while the crystal lattice is a quantum object with discrete vibrational states, protons are represented by a statistical distribution of classical particles with definite positions and momenta at any time. We propose an alternative theoretical framework for decoherence-free macroscopic proton states. The translational invariance of the crystal, the adiabatic separation of proton dynamics from that of heavy atoms, the nonlocal nature of proton states, and quantum interferences, are opposed to statistical distributions and semiclassical dynamics. We review neutron scattering studies of the crystal of potassium hydrogen carbonate (KHCO 3 ) supporting the existence of macroscopic quantum correlations, from cryogenic to room temperatures. In addition, quantum fluctuations calculated for superposition states in thermal equilibrium are consistent with measurements of the correlation time. There is no temperature induced transition from the quantum to the classical regime. The crystal can be therefore represented by a state vector and the dichotomy of interpretation must be abandoned.

Quantum crystals are at odds with the laws of thermodynamics

“…For crystals, the most stringent counterfact to decoherence of the bulk is observation, via neutron diffraction, of nuclear quantum-interferences from cryogenic to above room temperature, in addition to regular Braggpeaks [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Such interferences witness to continuous spacetime-translation symmetry and give support to a pure-state representation, referred to as a "condensatein-a-box" (see below) [18][19][20].…”