Different models of orientations to work tend to stress the importance to employees of extrinsic outcomes (e.g., money, security) at the expense of intrinsic outcomes (e.g., interest, variety) or vice-versa. Research conducted with manual workers, particularly engineering apprentices, indicates that need fulfilment in both areas is important, with both extrinsic and intrinsic factors assuming relevance, but in different areas of the person-job relationship. Extrinsic factors were emphasized in the seeking, gaining and holding of the respondents' jobs, but intrinsic factors were more influential when the worker was actually doing the job. This suggests the need for an integrative approach to the study of organizational behaviour. In such an approach, individual orientations and responses would be seen as deriving not primarily from either extrinsic or intrinsic factors, but from an interaction of both.
Models oI' worker orientationResearch into individual work attitudes and responses has produced two contrasting models of worker expectations and orientations.' The first, which we shall term the 'product', 'instrumental' or 'extrinsic' model is based on the conceptualization of work as an economic force, as labour, as a factor -to be bought and sold and thereby incorporated into the production process. In this model the emphasis is on the products of work, the goods and services it creates, and the benefits of increased wealth that the worker can secure.