The lymphocyte transformation test in allergic contact dermatitis: New opportunities

Popple, Amy L.; Williams, Jason D.; Maxwell, Gavin; Gellatly, Nichola; Dearman, Rebecca J.; Kimber, Ian

doi:10.3109/1547691x.2015.1008656

Cited by 32 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…155,156 9 | DIAGNOSING NICKEL ALLERGY Nickel allergy is diagnosed by patch testing on the upper back, as indicated by clinical suspicion of allergic contact dermatitis. 157 Other methods, which have been used mainly for research purposes, are in vitro testing, for example, the macrophage migration test, the lymphocyte blastic transformation test, and the lymphocyte transformation test, 158 the memory-lymphocyte immunostimulation assay, 159 and intradermal testing. 160…”

Section: Tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

Nickel allergy and allergic contact dermatitis: A clinical review of immunology, epidemiology, exposure, and treatment

et al. 2019

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Nickel is the most frequent cause of contact allergy worldwide and has been studied extensively. This clinical review provides an updated overview of the epidemiology, exposure sources, methods for exposure quantification, skin deposition and penetration, immunology, diagnosis, thresholds for sensitization and elicitation, clinical pictures, prevention, and treatment. The implementation of a nickel regulation in Europe led to a decrease in the prevalence of nickel allergy, and changes in the clinical picture and disease severity. Nevertheless, the prevalences of nickel allergy in the European general population are approximately 8% to 19% in adults and 8% to 10% in children and adolescents, with a strong female predominance. Well‐known consumer items such as jewellery and metal in clothing are still the main causes of nickel allergy and dermatitis, although a wide range of items for both private and occupational use may cause dermatitis. Allergic nickel dermatitis may be localized to the nickel exposure site, be more widespread, or present as hand eczema. Today, efficient methods for exposure quantification exist, and new insights regarding associated risk factors and immunological mechanisms underlying the disease have been obtained. Nevertheless, questions remain in relation to the pathogenesis, the persistent high prevalence, and the treatment of severe cases.

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Section: Tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

Nickel allergy and allergic contact dermatitis: A clinical review of immunology, epidemiology, exposure, and treatment

et al. 2019

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“…With an average prevalence of ∼6% in European patients tested for contact allergy, contact sensitization in response to cobalt represents the second most prevalent metal allergy . Instead of applying suspected antigens directly on the skin in the patch test, the proliferation of lymphocytes isolated from blood in response to the suspected allergen can be assessed with the lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT), also known as the lymphocyte transformation test . In vitro testing circumvents the problem of inducing strong local reactions, and avoids the risk of active sensitization of the patient.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2 Instead of applying suspected antigens directly on the skin in the patch test, 3 the proliferation of lymphocytes isolated from blood in response to the suspected allergen can be assessed with the lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT), also known as the lymphocyte transformation test. 4 In vitro testing circumvents the problem of inducing strong local reactions, and avoids the risk of active sensitization of the patient. The LPT, however, is time-consuming and needs specialized laboratory staff and equipment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delayed‐type allergy to cobalt—comparison of a flow cytometric lymphocyte proliferation test with patch testing

et al. 2018

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Background The patch test is the standard procedure for diagnosing delayed‐type sensitization. If a patch test is not possible, the flow cytometric lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT), which determines the number and type of cells responding to a specific antigen in vitro, might be considered as an alternative. Objectives Our aim was to establish a flow cytometric LPT for the detection of delayed‐type allergic responses to cobalt, and to determine the correlation between stimulation indices (SIs) in LPT and the grade of patch test reactions. With the patch test as a diagnostic reference, we also assessed the sensitivity and specificity of the LPT. Methods Fifty‐four patients patch tested with the baseline series including cobalt (CoCl2) were additionally tested with the flow cytometric LPT with CoCl2. Results There was a significant correlation between the results of both tests: rs = 0.43; P = .001. The LPT with CoCl2 showed a sensitivity of 52.6% and a specificity of 85.7%. Corresponding to the low sensitivity of the LPT, high likelihood ratios for a positive patch test reaction were reached only in cases of strong lymphocyte proliferation (SI ≥ 10). Conclusions In cases of clearly increased SIs, the flow cytometric LPT with CoCl2 gives relevant diagnostic information, and represents a valuable alternative to patch testing.

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“…On the other hand, Popple et al[37] and Pichler and Tilch[38] suggested that DLSTs should be undertaken following remission, that is, at about four-to-eight weeks, as the tests may generate false-negative results, because of the strong activation of regulatory T cells or the uneven distribution of memory T cells caused by ongoing hypersensitivity reactions[37,38]. Because the patient consent is not obtained, a second DLST cannot be conducted on samples from that patient.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liver injury after aluminum potassium sulfate and tannic acid treatment of hemorrhoids

Yoshikawa¹,

Kawashima²,

Hirose³

et al. 2017

WJG

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We are reporting a rare case of acute liver injury that developed after an internal hemorrhoid treatment with the aluminum potassium sulfate and tannic acid (ALTA) regimen. A 41-year-old man developed a fever and liver injury after undergoing internal hemorrhoid treatment with a submucosal injection of ALTA with lidocaine. The acute liver injury was classified clinically as hepatocellular and pathologically as cholestastic. We could not classify the mechanism of injury. High eosinophil and immunoglobulin E levels characterized the injury, and a drug lymphocyte stimulation test was negative on postoperative day 25. Fluid replacement for two weeks after hospitalization improved the liver injury. ALTA therapy involves injecting chemicals into the submucosa, from the rectum to the anus, and this is the first description of a case that developed a severe liver disorder after this treatment; hence, an analysis of future cases as they accumulate is desirable.

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The lymphocyte transformation test in allergic contact dermatitis: New opportunities

Cited by 32 publications

References 93 publications

Nickel allergy and allergic contact dermatitis: A clinical review of immunology, epidemiology, exposure, and treatment

Nickel allergy and allergic contact dermatitis: A clinical review of immunology, epidemiology, exposure, and treatment

Delayed‐type allergy to cobalt—comparison of a flow cytometric lymphocyte proliferation test with patch testing

Liver injury after aluminum potassium sulfate and tannic acid treatment of hemorrhoids

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