The Lymph Drainage from the Breast to the Axillary and Parasternal Lymph Nodes, Studied with the Aid of Colloidal Au198

Sentinel Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer

“…While some authors could observe no dependency of the drainage passages on the position of the tumor (e.g. tumors in the medial half draining to the internal nodes) and thus are in agreement with early histological findings of metastatic lymph node involvement [57][58][59], other authors arrive at different results [37,60].…”

Subareolar Versus Peritumoral Injection for Location of the Sentinel Lymph Node

“…Further, both the axillary and parasternal lymph nodes receive lymph from all quadrants of the breast. Hultborn et al, 11 using gold injections and autoradiography, likewise found that the breast can drain to any regional lymph node basin, but that most of the drainage was to the axillary lymph nodes but varied with the quadrant of the breast injected. It is thought that there are three interconnecting groups of lymphatic vessels (Fig.…”

A pilot study of dual-isotope lymphoscintigraphy for breast sentinel node biopsy comparing intradermal and intraparenchymal injection

“…Two small studies used similar techniques, albeit with different study aims and tracers. Hultborn et al quantified axillary and parasternal nodal uptake of colloidal 192 Gold injected at points as far distant as possible from breast tumours in patients about to undergo mastectomy and axillary clearance and internal mammary chain dissection [29]. They found that parenchymal injection resulted in nodal uptake within both the axilla and parasternal lymph node groups with an average uptake of 26-fold more activity in the axilla.…”