The Lung Microbiome in Moderate and Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Pragman, Alexa A.; Kim, Hyeun Bum; Reilly, Cavan; Wendt, Christine; Isaacson, Richard E.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047305

Cited by 356 publications

(357 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…However, evaluation of the lung microbiome in normal subjects demonstrates that some specific bacteria have higher relative abundance in the lung than would be expected if they originated from the upper airways (35,39). Furthermore, environmental exposures, frequent antibiotic and/or antiinflammatory use, or diet might exert a selection pressure on the lower airway microbiome (48).…”

Section: Focused Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite these differences in the upper airway microbiome, the lower airway microbiome of healthy smokers does not seem to differ from that of nonsmokers (33,39), suggesting that other factors related to the environment or the host might be responsible for changes in the lung microbiome observed in COPD. The use of inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators may account for some of these differences in lung microbiome composition (48). It is unclear to what extent a dysbiotic lung microbiome is the cause or the consequence of changes in host immune response.…”

Section: Lessons Learned From the Study Of Airway Microbiota In Lung mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lung Microbiome for Clinicians. New Discoveries about Bugs in Healthy and Diseased Lungs

2014

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Microbes are readily cultured from epithelial surfaces of the skin, mouth, and colon. In the last 10 years, culture-independent DNAbased techniques demonstrated that much more complex microbial communities reside on most epithelial surfaces; this includes the lower airways, where bacterial culture had failed to reliably demonstrate resident bacteria. Exposure to a diverse bacterial environment is important for adequate immunological development. The most common microbes found in the lower airways are also found in the upper airways. Increasing abundance of oral characteristic taxa is associated with increased inflammatory cells and exhaled nitric oxide, suggesting that the airway microbiome induces an immunological response in the lung. Furthermore, rhinovirus infection leads to outgrowth of Haemophilus in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects have more Tropheryma whipplei in the lower airway, suggesting a bidirectional interaction in which the host immune defenses also influence the microbial niche. Quantitative and/or qualitative changes in the lung microbiome may be relevant for disease progression and exacerbations in a number of pulmonary diseases. Future investigations with longitudinal follow-up to understand the dynamics of the lung microbiome may lead to the development of new therapeutic targets.

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Section: Focused Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lessons Learned From the Study Of Airway Microbiota In Lung mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lung Microbiome for Clinicians. New Discoveries about Bugs in Healthy and Diseased Lungs

2014

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“…Particularly for chronic lung diseases with frequent bacterial infections, such as cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, airway microbiome dynamics have been associated with disease progression (Hunter et al, 2012, Pragman et al, 2012Huang et al, 2014). CF predisposes the respiratory tract to polymicrobial infections, and the frequent emergence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is associated with a reduction in bacterial richness (Lynch and Bruce, 2013;Chmiel et al, 2014).…”

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confidence: 99%

The fermentation product 2,3-butanediol alters P. aeruginosa clearance, cytokine response and the lung microbiome

Nguyen

Sharma

et al. 2016

The ISME Journal

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Diseases that favor colonization of the respiratory tract with Pseudomonas aeruginosa are characterized by an altered airway microbiome. Virulence of P. aeruginosa respiratory tract infection is likely influenced by interactions with other lung microbiota or their products. The bacterial fermentation product 2,3-butanediol enhances virulence and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa in vitro. This study assessed the effects of 2,3-butanediol on P. aeruginosa persistence, inflammatory response, and the lung microbiome in vivo. Here, P. aeruginosa grown in the presence of 2,3-butanediol and encapsulated in agar beads persisted longer in the murine respiratory tract, induced enhanced TNF-α and IL-6 responses and resulted in increased colonization in the lung tissue by environmental microbes. These results led to the following hypothesis that now needs to be tested with a larger study: fermentation products from the lung microbiota not only have a role in P. aeruginosa virulence and abundance, but also on the increased colonization of the respiratory tract with environmental microbes, resulting in dynamic shifts in microbiota diversity and disease susceptibility.

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“…Most microbiome studies on COPD have used sputum as the sample representing the respiratory system, due to its easy recovery and standardized processing procedure (20,21). In analyses of the respiratory microbiome, however, it must be considered that sputum originates mainly from the in the proximal bronchi, which harbor a flora that have shown clear-cut differences with the microbial pattern found in distal bronchi and the alveolar space (22,23), that is targeted through bronchial biopsies, the protected specimen brush or bronchoalveolar lavage, samples that have been shown as microbiologically equivalent (5), while in COPD the microbial diversity pattern has been demonstrated to be different in sputum and distal samples (24), a finding confirming the differences between the proximal bronchial flora and the microorganisms lodged in distal bronchi and the lung.…”

Section: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Copd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Monsó¹

2017

Ann. Transl. Med.

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The introduction of culture-independent techniques for the microbiological analysis of respiratory samples has confirmed that the respiratory system hosts a large number of microorganisms, which include a wide range of bacteria. The regular exposure to tobacco smoke changes the microbiome in healthy smokers, first in the oropharynx, increasing the presence of a restricted number of genera which attain high relative abundance, a pattern that may be considered as dysbiosis. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), microbiome analyses of sputum samples have demonstrated an important decline in bacterial diversity, with a change to a restricted flora with an overrepresentation of the Proteobacteria phylum, which include most of the bacteria commonly considered as potentially pathogenic microorganisms, paralleled by a decline in the relative abundance of microorganisms part of the Firmicutes phylum. In exacerbations, specific bacteria overrepresented in microbiome analyses and potentially causal of the acute episode may not be recovered by sputum culture, while colonizing microorganisms grow easily, in spite that their relative abundance have not changed from previous stability. This situation has been described in patients showing chronic colonization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, who suffer from exacerbations that in most cases are due to other PPMs, in spite of the persistence of positive cultures for the colonizing Pseudomonas strains.Interaction between different microorganisms can be addressed through microbiome analyses, and functional metagenomics, that describes the genomic potential of the community, has shown that, in spite that the bronchial microbiome as a whole may not change significantly, clear changes in carbohydrate metabolism, cancer, cell growth and death, transport and catabolism pathways often appear during exacerbations. These functional changes may be important because through them the resident community as a whole show its power to modify important metabolic patterns.

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The Lung Microbiome in Moderate and Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Cited by 356 publications

References 37 publications

Lung Microbiome for Clinicians. New Discoveries about Bugs in Healthy and Diseased Lungs

Lung Microbiome for Clinicians. New Discoveries about Bugs in Healthy and Diseased Lungs

The fermentation product 2,3-butanediol alters P. aeruginosa clearance, cytokine response and the lung microbiome

Microbiome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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