The Lumbar Anterior Epidural Cavity: The Posterior Longitudinal Ligament, the Anterior Ligaments of the Dura Mater and the Anterior Internal Vertebral Venous Plexus

Plaisant, Odile; Sarrazin, Julien; Cosnard, Guy; Schill, H; Gillot, C

doi:10.1159/000147816

Cited by 30 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The third layer corresponds to the deep layer of the PLL and consists of short fibers that attach to the posterior surface of the vertebral body immediately above the lower margin of the superior vertebra and below the superior margin of the inferior vertebra and spanning the IVD. Although Plaisant et al (1996) also referred to a three layer arrangement, the middle layer is not considered to be a separate layer as described by Mercer and Bogduk (1999). While such an arrangement might provide a better explanation of how the PLL provides resistance to flexion, no evidence of a third (middle) layer of the PLL was observed in any region of the vertebral column in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…The PLL has been reported to consist of three layers in the cervical and upper thoracic (Mercer and Bogduk, 1999) and lumbar (Plaisant et al, 1996) regions. The first layer described by Mercer and Bogduk (1999), corresponds to the superficial layer and consists of longitudinal fibers extending over several vertebral segments with lateral expansions attaching to the base of the pedicle, being somewhat similar to the ''fan-like'' extensions described by Wiltse et al (1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The posterior longitudinal ligament and peridural (epidural) membrane

2006

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The posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) is described as having deep and superficial layers, though recent studies have suggested that there may be three layers. Additional membranous structures have been reported, although there is no consensus as to their presence or morphology. The vertebral canal and dural sac were opened and the spinal nerve roots and spinal cord removed. The anterior dural ligaments were sectioned at their attachment to the PLL and the dura mater freed from the posterior surface of the vertebral bodies. The borders of the PLL were identified and the superficial and deep layers separated. The PLL is a wide band in the cervical region becoming more denticulate inferiorly, the widest parts being attached to the intervertebral discs (IVD) and adjacent vertebral body where the superficial and deep layers could not be separated. A continuous well developed peridural membrane attaching to the pedicles was present anterior to the deep PLL as well as a separate, thin, incomplete layer in 6 of 18 cadavers, covering the posterior surface of the superficial PLL.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The posterior longitudinal ligament and peridural (epidural) membrane

2006

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“…In Figure 36.4 (Abrams, 1961, p 604), he described two left ALVs as longitudinal channels with one lateral to the pedicles and the other medial to the pedicles, and thus residing inside the vertebral canal. With the modern description of the vertebral venous plexus, the vein inside the vertebral canal is part of the IVVP, and the longitudinal channel is often named lateral part of the IVVP (Gillot, 1980(Gillot, , 1993Plaisant et al, 1994Plaisant et al, , 1996Plaisant et al, , 1998Plaisant et al, , 2001Groen et al, 1997Groen et al, , 2005. The lumbar veins outside the vertebral canal are part of the external vertebral venous plexus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A male cadaver (82 years old) was injected, in accordance with the technique described previously by Plaisant et al (1994Plaisant et al ( , 1996. After exposure of the thorax and the azygos vein by dissection, and following perfusion with The components of the iliolumbar vein, left inferior lumbar, and SIVs, drained separately into the left common iliac vein and the internal iliac vein, respectively.…”

Section: Injection-corrosion Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomical and radiological evidence for the iliolumbar vein as an inferior lumbar venous system

et al. 2007

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The purpose of this work was to study an inferior lumbar venous system, which turned out to be the vertical component of the iliolumbar vein as defined in early works by Bourgery and Jacob, though there is a terminological ambiguity between the iliolumbar vein and the ascending lumbar vein in the literature. However, the iliolumbar vein is most commonly defined as a vein draining the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebral segments. Cadaver studies, including one injection-corrosion, and in vivo venograms were analyzed by visual inspection and measurements. Whether the injection was made via the axillary or the saphenous veins, the inferior lumbar vein was always filled, demonstrating that it is part of the vertebral venous system. An interruption or a plexiform shape of the venous system at the level of the third lumbar vertebra, and an increase in caliber as this vein runs downwards, allowed differentiating the inferior lumbar vein from the ascending lumbar vein. The inferior lumbar vein and the superior iliac vein drained into the iliac veins, either external or internal iliac vein, but typically into the common iliac vein, separately or with a single common trunk. This common trunk was observed in 92% of the dissected cases on the right side and in 46% on the left, whereas it was seen in 50% of the radiological studies on the right side and 52% on the left. Consequently, the inferior lumbar vein was the main component of the iliolumbar vein, and as such should be differentiated from the ascending lumbar vein.

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“…These studies were focussed on the anterior part of the internal vertebral venous plexus. Recently, Plaisant et al (1994Plaisant et al ( , 1996 described the anterior spinal epidural space, using magnetic resonance imaging visualization after gelatin/gadolinium injection of the vertebral venous plexus. However, these studies were aimed at the lumbar posterior longitudinal vertebral ligament.…”

Section: The Anterior Internal Vertebral Venous Plexusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology of the human internal vertebral venous plexus: A cadaver study after intravenous araldite CY 221 injection

et al. 1997

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Reviewing the literature on the vascular anatomy of the spinal epidural space, it appeared that the knowledge of the internal vertebral venous plexus is limited. Injection studies of the entire internal vertebral venous plexus after application of modern techniques, to the best of our knowledge, have never been performed. Based on the clinical importance of these structures, it was decided to study the human vertebral venous system after Araldite CY 221 injection, in order to update the morphological characteristics of the internal vertebral venous system.The vertebral venous systems of ten fresh human cadavers, between 64 and 93 years of age, were injected with Araldite CY 221 mixture. All cadavers were dissected and the posterior and anterior internal vertebral venous plexuses were studied in detail.The anterior part of the internal vertebral venous plexus is fairly constant. On the contrary, the posterior internal vertebral venous plexus showed a striking segmental and interindividual variability. In the tho- The plexus venosus vertebralis is an extensive vascular network that has largely escaped attention of anatomists, physiologists and clinicians. It is considered to be valveless and extends along the entire length of the vertebral column, finding a cranial terminus in the dural sinuses. It parallels, joins and at the same time bypasses the longitudinal veins of the thoracoabdominal cavity. Like the azygos veins, it unites the superior and inferior vena cava, but on the other hand it is protected from direct thoracoabdominal pressure waves because of its course in the rigid spinal canal (Batson,

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The Lumbar Anterior Epidural Cavity: The Posterior Longitudinal Ligament, the Anterior Ligaments of the Dura Mater and the Anterior Internal Vertebral Venous Plexus

Cited by 30 publications

References 7 publications

The posterior longitudinal ligament and peridural (epidural) membrane

The posterior longitudinal ligament and peridural (epidural) membrane

Anatomical and radiological evidence for the iliolumbar vein as an inferior lumbar venous system

Morphology of the human internal vertebral venous plexus: A cadaver study after intravenous araldite CY 221 injection

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