The Longitudinal Study of Adrenal Maturation during Gonadal Suppression: Evidence That Adrenarche Is a Gradual Process

Abstract

The physical changes that herald the onset of puberty result from the combination of adrenarche and gonadarche. To examine adrenal maturation and associated changes in growth without the confounding effects of changes in the gonadal steroid milieu, we performed a longitudinal study in 14 young girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty during long-term pituitary-gonadal suppression. Beginning at the mean age of 2.9 yr, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels, linear growth, skeletal maturation, body mass index, and secondary sexual development were evaluated at 3- to 6-month intervals for up to 12.3 yr. In 12 of the girls, levels of dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone were determined before and after acute ACTH stimulation every 6 months to investigate the maturation of adrenal steroidogenic enzyme activity. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels rose progressively throughout the study. An exponential model fit the longitudinal datasets well and indicated that dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels increased approximately 22%/yr from the youngest age onward. Increasing activity of 17-20 lyase (CYP17) and decreasing activity of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were also evident in preadrenarchal subjects. When controlled for chronological age, no significant associations were noted between weight, body mass index, or body surface area and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels. However, similar analyses revealed modest correlations of both height and growth velocity with dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels. Our results suggest that adrenarche is not the result of sudden rapid changes in adrenal enzyme activities or adrenal androgen concentrations; rather, adrenarche may be a gradual maturational process that begins in early childhood.

Serum Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin Levels in Healthy Children and Girls with Precocious Puberty before and during Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Treatment

“…Adrenarche has been shown to be a gradual process with steadily rising adrenal androgen levels from childhood until puberty (24,25). This is in accordance with our study showing steadily increasing DHEAS levels from the prepubertal period onwards for both genders.…”

Adrenarche and Middle Childhood

“…Adrenal androgens start to increase around three years of age in both clinical (Palmert et al 2001) and normal samples of children (Remer and Manz 1999;Remer et al 2005), coincident with the earliest appearance of the zona reticularis (Dhom 1973). The major urinary metabolites of DHEA/S all show clear increases between the ages of three and seven years, a clear indication of DHEA/S production (Remer et al 2005).…”

Androgen synthesis in adrenarche

“…6). The development of adrenarche is slow [149], suggesting it requires several changes in gene transcription. Transcriptional regulation of enzymes is a key factor that is only beginning to be explored.…”