“…Personality traits also play a major role in predicting people's educational, occupational, and interpersonal outcomes. For example, conscientiousness and openness predict academic achievement in both high school and college contexts, independent of cognitive ability (Israel, Lüdtke, & Wagner, 2019; Noftle & Robins, 2007; Spengler, Brunner, Martin, & Lüdtke, 2016). Traits are reliable predictors of work outcomes, including occupational choice (Denissen, Ulferts, Lüdtke, Muck, & Gerstorf, 2014), job performance (Dudley, Orvis, Lebiecki, & Cortina, 2006), leadership (Judge, Bono, Ilies, & Gerhardt, 2002), income (Denissen et al, 2018), and occupational attainment (Roberts et al, 2007).…”