The Longevity of Community Aging Initiatives: A Framework for Describing NORC Programs’ Sustainability Goals and Strategies

Greenfield, Emily A.

doi:10.1080/02763893.2012.754818

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…UBRCs have been successful in attracting newly retired older adults and may consider incorporating additional supportive services as members age (Hou, 2019). Other common challenges include the unstable and unsustainable funding to all AIC models and programs (Greenfield, 2013; Hou, 2019, 2020). Diversified financing, including government, private donations, and nonprofit organizations, may be more financially secure and is recommended (Greenfield, 2013; Greenfield et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other common challenges include the unstable and unsustainable funding to all AIC models and programs (Greenfield, 2013; Hou, 2019, 2020). Diversified financing, including government, private donations, and nonprofit organizations, may be more financially secure and is recommended (Greenfield, 2013; Greenfield et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Village (n = 15) Bookman ( 2008), Davitt et al (2017), Gammonley et al (2019), Graham et al (2014Graham et al ( , 2017Graham et al ( , 2018, Greenfield et al (2012Greenfield et al ( , 2013, Hou (2020), LeFurgy (2017), Lehning et al (2017), McDonough and Davitt (2011, 2014, Wickersham (2015). NORC (n = 20) Bookman ( 2008), Bedney et al (2010), Bronstein et al (2011), Carpenter et al (2007, Cohen-Mansfield et al (2010, Elbert and Neufeld (2010), Grant-Savela (2010a, 2010b, Greenfield (2013Greenfield ( , 2014, Greenfield and Frantz (2016), Greenfield and Mauldin (2016), Greenfield et al (2012Greenfield et al ( , 2013, Guo and Castillo (2012), MacLaren et al (2007), Pine and Pine (2002), Usher ( 2014), Vladeck and Altman (2015). Cohousing (n = 8) Glass (2009Glass ( , 2012Glass ( , 2013Glass ( , 2020, Glass and Vander Plaats (2013), Kramp (2012), Lyon et al (2013), Markle et al ( 2015) UBRC (n = 6) Bookman ( 2008),…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Promising Aging in Community Models in the U.S.: Village, Naturally Occurring Retirement Community (NORC), Cohousing, and University-Based Retirement Community (UBRC)

Hou

Cao

2021

Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine

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Aging in Community (AIC) is the preferred way to age. This systematic review identified promising AIC models in the U.S. and analyzed model characteristics and push-pull factors from older adults’ perspectives. Push factors are those driving older adults to leave, while pull factors attract them to stay in a community. We conducted a two-phase search strategy using eight databases. Phase I identified promising AIC models and Phase II expanded each specific model identified. Fifty-two of 244 screened articles met the criteria and were analyzed. We identified four promising AIC models with the potential to achieve person-environment (P-E) fit, including village, naturally occurring retirement community (NORC), cohousing, and university-based retirement community (UBRC). Each has a unique way of helping older adults with their aging needs. Similar and unique push-pull factors of each AIC model were discussed. Analyses showed that pull factors were mostly program factors while push factors were often individual circumstances. Continued research is needed to address the challenges of recruiting minority older adults and those of lower socio-economic status, meeting older adults’ diverse and dynamic needs, and conducting comparative studies to share lessons learned across the globe.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Promising Aging in Community Models in the U.S.: Village, Naturally Occurring Retirement Community (NORC), Cohousing, and University-Based Retirement Community (UBRC)

Hou

Cao

2021

Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine

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“…Indeed, the literature supports that participation in NORC programs leads to increased linkages between partners and community [4,21,36,39,40,53,57]. Benefits at the organizational level (eg, program sustainability) are less clear; explorations of sustainability in NORC-SSPs [60,63] highlighted the complexity of maintaining a program, most notably securing ongoing funding.…”

Section: Intermediate Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Summary of key findings from the included articles (N=64) a . ,[15][16][17]21,31,36,37,39,46,50,52,55,56,59,62,63] 16(25) Civic engagement and empowerment activities[12,[15][16][17]21,[27][28][29]31,32,[37][38][39][40]46,50,52,56,58,59,[62][63][64][65][66] 25(39) Social relationship-building activities[16,17,21,[27][28][29]31,32,…”

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confidence: 99%

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities: Scoping Review

Parniak¹,

DePaul²,

Frymire³

et al. 2022

JMIR Aging

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Background As Canada’s population ages, there is a need to explore community-based solutions to support older adults. Naturally occurring retirement communities (NORCs), defined in 1986 as buildings or areas not specifically designed for, but which attract, older adults and associated NORC supportive service programs (NORC-SSPs) have been described as potential resources to support aging in place. Though the body of literature on NORCs has been growing since the 1980s, no synthesis of this work has been conducted to date. Objective The goal of this scoping review is to highlight the current state of NORC literature to inform future research and offer a summarized description of NORCs and how they have supported, and can support, older adults to age in place. Methods Using a published framework, a scoping review was conducted by searching 13 databases from earliest date of coverage to January 2022. We included English peer- and non–peer-reviewed scholarly journal publications that described, critiqued, reflected on, or researched NORCs. Aging-in-place literature with little to no mention of NORCs was excluded, as were studies that recruited participants from NORCs but did not connect findings to the setting. A qualitative content analysis of the literature was conducted, guided by a conceptual framework, to examine the promise of NORC programs to promote aging in place. Results From 787 publications, we included 64 (8.1%) articles. All publications were North American, and nearly half used a descriptive research approach (31/64, 48%). A little more than half provided a specific definition of a NORC (33/64, 52%); of these, 13 (39%) used the 1986 definition; yet, there were discrepancies in the defined proportions of older adults that constitute a NORC (eg, 40% or 50%). Of the 64 articles, 6 (9%) described processes for identifying NORCs and 39 (61%) specifically described NORC-SSPs and included both external partnerships with organizations for service delivery (33/39, 85%) and internal resources such as staff, volunteers, or neighbors. Identified key components of a NORC-SSP included activities fostering social relationships (25/64, 39%) and access to resources and services (26/64, 41%). Sustainability and funding of NORC-SSPs were described (27/64, 42%), particularly as challenges to success. Initial outcomes, including self-efficacy (6/64, 9%) and increased access to social and health supports (14/64, 22%) were cited; however, long-term outcomes were lacking. Conclusions This review synthesizes the NORC literature to date and demonstrates that NORC-SSPs have potential as an alternative model of supporting aging in place. Longitudinal research exploring the impacts of both NORCs and NORC-SSPs on older adult health and well-being is recommended. Future research should also explore ways to improve the sustainability of NORC-SSPs.

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Congregate Housing

Erickson

2021

Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging

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The Longevity of Community Aging Initiatives: A Framework for Describing NORC Programs’ Sustainability Goals and Strategies

Cited by 12 publications

References 22 publications

Promising Aging in Community Models in the U.S.: Village, Naturally Occurring Retirement Community (NORC), Cohousing, and University-Based Retirement Community (UBRC)

Promising Aging in Community Models in the U.S.: Village, Naturally Occurring Retirement Community (NORC), Cohousing, and University-Based Retirement Community (UBRC)

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities: Scoping Review

Congregate Housing

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