The long view: a bright past, a brighter future? Forty years of chicken immunology pre- and post-genome

Kaiser, Pete

doi:10.1080/03079457.2012.735359

Cited by 29 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The contracted immune gene repertoire of birds was discussed in recent review of the progress in avian immunology since the availability of the chicken genome (Kaiser, 2010(Kaiser, , 2012. In comparison with mammals, birds have partial repertoires of pattern recognition receptors including TLR receptors (Boyd et al, 2007;Brownlie and Allan, 2011;Cormican et al, 2009) and RIG-like receptors (Barber et al, 2010;Karpala et al, 2012).…”

Section: Birds Have a Reduced Complement Of Immune Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defense genes missing from the flight division

Magor

Navarro

Barber

et al. 2013

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

145

122

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Birds have a smaller repertoire of immune genes than mammals. In our efforts to study antiviral responses to influenza in avian hosts, we have noted key genes that appear to be missing. As a result, we speculate that birds have impaired detection of viruses and intracellular pathogens. Birds are missing TLR8, a detector for single-stranded RNA. Chickens also lack RIG-I, the intracellular detector for single-stranded viral RNA. Riplet, an activator for RIG-I, is also missing in chickens. IRF3, the nuclear activator of interferon-beta in the RIG-I pathway is missing in birds. Downstream of interferon (IFN) signaling, some of the antiviral effectors are missing, including ISG15, and ISG54 and ISG56 (IFITs). Birds have only three antibody isotypes and IgD is missing. Ducks, but not chickens, make an unusual truncated IgY antibody that is missing the Fc fragment. Chickens have an expanded family of LILR leukocyte receptor genes, called CHIR genes, with hundreds of members, including several that encode IgY Fc receptors. Intriguingly, LILR homologues appear to be missing in ducks, including these IgY Fc receptors. The truncated IgY in ducks, and the duplicated IgY receptor genes in chickens may both have resulted from selective pressure by a pathogen on IgY FcR interactions. Birds have a minimal MHC, and the TAP transport and presentation of peptides on MHC class I is constrained, limiting function. Perhaps removing some constraint, ducks appear to lack tapasin, a chaperone involved in loading peptides on MHC class I. Finally, the absence of lymphotoxin-alpha and beta may account for the observed lack of lymph nodes in birds. As illustrated by these examples, the picture that emerges is some impairment of immune response to viruses in birds, either a cause or consequence of the host-pathogen arms race and long evolutionary relationship of birds and RNA viruses.

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Section: Birds Have a Reduced Complement Of Immune Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defense genes missing from the flight division

Magor

Navarro

Barber

et al. 2013

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

145

122

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“…Other cytokine families, including the type I and type III IFN, IL-1, IL-10, IL-12 and chemokine families (Kaiser, 2010(Kaiser, , 2012 also have a reduced repertoire compared to their mammalian equivalents. For the TNF superfamily, 19 ligands and 29 receptors have been identified in mammals, but only 10 ligands and 15 receptors in the chicken genome.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…For the TNF superfamily, 19 ligands and 29 receptors have been identified in mammals, but only 10 ligands and 15 receptors in the chicken genome. When both a ligand and its respective receptor are not present in the chicken genome, we hypothesise that these members are really not present rather than not annotated (Kaiser, 2012). In mammals and chickens, the TNF superfamily members are mainly found in small sub-families of syntenic genes on different chromosomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The functions of the avian receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and its receptors, RANK and osteoprotegerin, are evolutionarily conserved

Sutton

et al. 2015

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

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A new member of the chicken TNF superfamily has recently been identified, namely receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), as have its signalling receptor, RANK, and its decoy receptor, osteoprotegerin (OPG). In mammals, RANKL and RANK are transmembrane proteins expressed on the surface of Th1 cells and dendritic cells (DC) respectively, whereas OPG is expressed as a soluble protein from osteoblasts and DC. Recombinant soluble chicken RANKL (chRANKL) forms homotrimers whereas chicken OPG (chOPG) forms homodimers, characteristic of these molecules in mammals. ChRANKL, chRANK and chOPG are expressed at the mRNA level in most tissues and organs. ChRANKL is transcriptionally regulated by Ca(2+) mobilisation and enhances the mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC); this is inhibited by both chOPG-Fc and soluble chRANK-Fc. However, chRANKL does not enhance the expression of cell surface markers in either BMDC or BM-derived macrophages (BMM). Furthermore, chRANKL enhances the survival of APC similar to its mammalian orthologue.

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“…The genomes of several avian species have now been sequenced (Jarvis et al, 2014). Historically, chickens (Gallus domesticus) are the most common bird species studied in biomedical and agricultural research and are a classic model in areas such as immunology, virology, infectious disease, embryology, and toxicology (Scanes and McNabb, 2003;Kaiser, 2012). Chickens are also studied to evaluate reproductive development and retinal disease.…”

Section: Uses In Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%