The Long-Term Outcome of Depressive Illness

Kiloh, L. G.; Andrews, Gavin; Neilson, Peter D.

doi:10.1192/bjp.153.6.752

Cited by 223 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The mean age of those patients with significant immune dysfunction is similar to that which is typically reported in groups of patients with endogenous depression (Kiloh et al 1972(Kiloh et al , 1988Feinberg & Carroll, 1982;Zimmerman et al 1985). In 294 consecutive patients evaluated at our Mood Disorders Unit (Brodaty et al 1987) the mean age of conservatively diagnosed endogenously depressed patients was 50-3 (16-5) years as compared with 39-4 (14-1) years for non-endogenously depressed patients ( / = 6-05, P< 0001).…”

Section: Immune Dysfunction In Depressive Disordersupporting

confidence: 80%

Is there immune dysfunction in depressive disorders?

Hickie¹,

Silove²,

Hickie³

et al. 1990

Psychol. Med.

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Section: Immune Dysfunction In Depressive Disordersupporting

confidence: 80%

Is there immune dysfunction in depressive disorders?

Hickie¹,

Silove²,

Hickie³

et al. 1990

Psychol. Med.

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“…Using the operational criteria set out by Lee & Murray (1988), Table 8 compares the SADD outcomes with the London and Sydney (Kiloh et al 1988) findings. The overall distribution of outcomes again indicates that about one-fifth of depressed patients come into the worst and over one-third into the best outcome categories, a pattern more consistent with the Sydney than the London results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The course and outcome of depression in different cultures: 10-year follow-up of the WHO Collaborative Study on the Assessment of Depressive Disorders

Thornicroft

Sartorius

1993

Psychol. Med.

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on behalf of the collaborating investigators 2 )From the World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland SYNOPSIS The World Health Organization's study on depressive disorders in different cultures began in 1972. Cohorts of depressed patients were identified in Basle, Montreal, Nagasaki, Teheran and Tokyo. The patients were assessed using standardized measures of social and clinical functioning. Ten-year follow-up data on clinical course, service contact, suicidal acts and social function outcomes were available for 439 (79%) patients. Over one-third (36%) were re-admitted at least once in the follow-up period, half of whom (18 %) had very poor clinical outcome. Twentyfour per cent suffered severe social impairment for over half the follow-up period, and over one-fifth (21 %) showed no full remissions. The best clinical course (one or two reasonably short episodes of depression with complete remission between episodes) was experienced twice as frequently in patients with a diagnosis of endogenous (65 %) as in those diagnosed as suffering from psychogenic depression (29 %). Among all patients, a fifth (22 %) had at least one episode lasting for more than 1 year, and 10% had an episode lasting over 2 years during follow-up. Death by suicide occurred in 11 % of patients, with a further 14% making unsuccessful suicide attempts.

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“…The suicide risk is more than 30 times higher among depressed patients than that of the population without these disorders [3]. Although treatment of depression disorders has proven to be effective in most cases [4], misdiagnosing depressed patients is a common barrier [5]. Based on the WHO report, the barriers to effective diagnosis of depression include a lack of resources and trained health care providers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye movement analysis for depression detection

Alghowinem

Goecke

Wagner

et al. 2013

2013 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing

115

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Depression is a common and disabling mental health disorder, which impacts not only on the sufferer but also on their families, friends and the economy overall. Despite its high prevalence, current diagnosis relies almost exclusively on patient self-report and clinical opinion, leading to a number of subjective biases. Our aim is to develop an objective affective sensing system that supports clinicians in their diagnosis and monitoring of clinical depression. In this paper, we analyse the performance of eye movement features extracted from face videos using Active Appearance Models for a binary classification task (depressed vs. non-depressed). We find that eye movement low-level features gave 70% accuracy using a hybrid classifier of Gaussian Mixture Models and Support Vector Machines, and 75% accuracy when using statistical measures with SVM classifiers over the entire interview. We also investigate differences while expressing positive and negative emotions, as well as the classification performance in gender-dependent versus gender-independent modes. Interestingly, even though the blinking rate was not significantly different between depressed and healthy controls, we find that the average distance between the eyelids ('eye opening') was significantly smaller and the average duration of blinks significantly longer in depressed subjects, which might be an indication of fatigue or eye contact avoidance.

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The Long-Term Outcome of Depressive Illness

Cited by 223 publications

References 13 publications

Is there immune dysfunction in depressive disorders?

Is there immune dysfunction in depressive disorders?

The course and outcome of depression in different cultures: 10-year follow-up of the WHO Collaborative Study on the Assessment of Depressive Disorders

Eye movement analysis for depression detection

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