The Long-Lasting Neurobiological Scars of Early-Life Stress: Implications for the Neurobiology of Depression

Botros, Mousa; Hodgins, Gabrielle E.; Nemeroff, Charles B.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813333-0.00011-1

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…The strongest association with suicidality, self-injury, suicide attempts, and mental health diagnosis in students was exposure to stress, in a dose-dependent manner 2 . Three or more exposures to stress resulted in 4.25 to 10.06 times higher endorsement of SI 3 , consistent with the diathesis-stress model of depression 4 . In 729 students, surveyed from 2002 to 2005, 11.1% endorsed having SI within the past 4 weeks, the majority of whom indicated they were not receiving treatment, and 16.5% reported at least one suicide attempt in their lifetime 4 .…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…Three or more exposures to stress resulted in 4.25 to 10.06 times higher endorsement of SI 3 , consistent with the diathesis-stress model of depression 4 . In 729 students, surveyed from 2002 to 2005, 11.1% endorsed having SI within the past 4 weeks, the majority of whom indicated they were not receiving treatment, and 16.5% reported at least one suicide attempt in their lifetime 4 . According to a 2020 CDC report, as many as one in four people in the U.S. between ages 18 and 24 had seriously contemplated suicide in the month prior 5 .…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 71%

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Saliva microbiome, dietary, and genetic markers are associated with suicidal ideation in university students

Ahrens

Sanchez-Padilla

Drew

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Here, salivary microbiota and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles were compared between 47 (12.6%) young adults with recent suicidal ideation (SI) and 325 (87.4%) controls without recent SI. Several bacterial taxa were correlated with SI after controlling for sleep issues, diet, and genetics. Four MHC class II alleles were protective for SI including DRB1*04, which was absent in every subject with SI while present in 21.7% of controls. Increased incidence of SI was observed with four other MHC class II alleles and two MHC class I alleles. Associations between these HLA alleles and salivary bacteria were also identified. Furthermore, rs10437629, previously associated with attempted suicide, was correlated here with SI and the absence of Alloprevotella rava, a producer of an organic acid known to promote brain energy homeostasis. Hence, microbial-genetic associations may be important players in the diathesis-stress model for suicidal behaviors.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Saliva microbiome, dietary, and genetic markers are associated with suicidal ideation in university students

Ahrens

Sanchez-Padilla

Drew

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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“…The effects of maltreatment can be seen in childhood but identifying these subtle effects can be challenging until early adolescence when psychiatric disorders, as well as fear pathologies, increasingly emerge, with the amygdala and PFC targeted (Demers et al, 2018; Roos et al, 2018; Torrisi et al, 2018). The protracted development of the brain likely contributes to these developmental transitions (Giedd et al, 1999; Lupien et al, 2009; Raineki et al, 2010a,b; Rincon-Cortes et al, 2015; Teicher et al, 2016; Opendak et al, 2017; Hagler et al, 2018; Heany et al, 2018; Hodel, 2018; Lange et al, 2018; VanTieghem and Tottenham, 2018; Botros et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Threat Expression Following Infant Maltreatment: Infant and Adult Enhancement but Adolescent Attenuation

Opendak

LeDoux

et al. 2019

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Early life maltreatment by the caregiver constitutes a major risk factor for the development of later-life psychopathologies, including fear-related pathologies. Here, we used an animal model of early life maltreatment induced by the Scarcity-Adversity Model of low bedding (LB) where the mother is given insufficient bedding for nest building while rat pups were postnatal days (PN) 8-12. To assess effects of maltreatment on the expression of threat-elicited defensive behaviors, animals underwent odor-shock threat conditioning at three developmental stages: late infancy (PN18), adolescence (PN45) or adulthood (>PN75) and tested the next day with odor only presentations (cue test). Results showed that in typically developing rats, the response to threat increases with maturation, although experience with maltreatment in early infancy produced enhanced responding to threat in infancy and adulthood, but a decrease in maltreated adolescents. To better understand the unique features of this decreased threat responding in adolescence, c-Fos expression was assessed within the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) associated with the cued expression of threat learning. Fos counts across amygdala subregions were lower in LB rats compared to controls, while enhanced c-Fos expression was observed in the vmPFC prelimbic cortex (PL). Correlational analysis between freezing behavior and Fos revealed freezing levels were correlated with CeA in controls, although more global correlations were detected in LB-reared rats, including the BA, LA, and CeA. Functional connectivity analysis between brain regions showed that LB reared rats exhibited more diffuse interconnectivity across amygdala subnuclei, compared the more heterogeneous patterns observed in controls. In addition, functional connectivity between the IL and LA switched from positive to negative in abused adolescents. Overall, these results suggest that in adolescence, the unique developmental decrease in fear expression following trauma is associated with distinct changes in regional function and long-range connectivity, reminiscent of pathological brain function. These results suggest that early life maltreatment from the caregiver perturbs the developmental trajectory of threatelicited behavior. Indeed, it is possible that this form of trauma, where the infant's safety signal or "safe haven" (the caregiver) is actually the source of the threat, produces distinct outcomes across development.

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“…Research also shows that an individual's vulnerability to develop depressive disorders depends greatly on how that individual responded to stress during early life experiences (Botros, Hodgins, & Nemeroff, 2019…”

Section: Implications For Adolescentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Neuroscience Aspects of Adolescent Behaviour and Its Implications

Manwani¹

2020

pae

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Education is considered to be a tool for providing knowledge, building character and promising a comfortable lifeto its learners. To ensure desired learning outcomes, a lot is being done in the areas of developing better curriculum, making state of the art institutions, improving teacher quality, providing digital platforms, enhancing parental involvement etc. However, when it comes to designing Pedagogical Tools based on the learning patterns of the brain, there is seen a wide gap between what is researched in laboratories and what is witnessed in our classrooms. Pedagogical practices not based on an understanding of how a learner’s brain works and what are its needs can lead to undesired behavioural consequences in them. This becomes more pronounced as learners enter into adolescence, a period in development marked with rapid changes at mental, physical, emotional and psychological levels. This paper looks into various researches that have been done in Cognitive Neuroscience and their educational implications on adolescent learners. It explores why educational practices must take into consideration the cognitive aspects of an adolescent’s brain like role of reward system, enhancing Working Memory, providing multisensory stimulus, using memory strategies, understanding learner behavior and needs etc. This paper concludes by providing insights on how learnings from these Neuroscience researches can address the issue of high risk behaviour tendencies and mental disorders amongst adolescent learners.

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The Long-Lasting Neurobiological Scars of Early-Life Stress: Implications for the Neurobiology of Depression

Cited by 10 publications

References 93 publications

Saliva microbiome, dietary, and genetic markers are associated with suicidal ideation in university students

Saliva microbiome, dietary, and genetic markers are associated with suicidal ideation in university students

Development of Threat Expression Following Infant Maltreatment: Infant and Adult Enhancement but Adolescent Attenuation

The Neuroscience Aspects of Adolescent Behaviour and Its Implications

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