The long and winding road of <i>Ascaris</i> larval migration: the role of mouse models

Holland, Celia V.

doi:10.1017/s0031182021000366

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…As early as 1916, investigators used A. suum-infected mice to make novel and important observations concerning the biology of the ascarid (Stewart, 1916;Holland, 2021). Since then, mouse models of early Ascaris infection have been used for such diverse investigations as the intestinal hepatic migratory pattern (for example Ransom & Foster, 1920;Slotved et al 1998;Dold et al 2010).…”

Section: Historical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Animal models in which Ascaris does not complete its life cycle but mimic the all important hepato-tracheal migration are described as abnormal hosts. Larval stages of Ascaris do not return successfully to the small intestine to mature into adult worms (Holland, 2021). This has undoubtedly hindered research into what is regarded by some as the most neglected of the neglected tropical diseases (Hotez, 2013).…”

Section: Historical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the effects of Ascaris on diseases of the lung do not necessarily evidence a systemic reach, unlike whipworm, given that Ascaris migrates through the lung whilst whipworm is entirely enteric. The role of Ascaris infection in liver inflammation lags behind that of the lungs as outlined by Holland (2021). In contrast to other animal models of ascariasis, mice are the only model for which the basis of resistance and susceptibility has been defined (Holland et al ., 2013).…”

Section: Co-morbidities Immunomodulation and Co-infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…of Trichuris are described, including T. muris in the mouse, whilst in the genus Ascaris only two species are known, A. suum in pigs and the human parasite A. lumbricoides. Notably, whipworms are entirely enteric in their life style whilst Ascaris parasites have a migratory larval phase that contributes to pathology in the liver and lungs in addition to the intestine (Holland, 2021). In the context of mouse models, a key difference between the two parasites is that the mouse is a natural host of whipworm infection but not of Ascaris infections, and this difference plays out in some of the ways that mouse models have been used to understand whipworm and roundworm infections, as described within this special collection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lessons from studying roundworm and whipworm in the mouse: common themes and unique features

Holland

Else

2021

Parasitology

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Ascaris lumbricoides, the roundworm, and Trichuris trichiura, the whipworm, are human intestinal nematode parasites; both are soil-transmitted helminths, are often placed together in an epidemiological context and both remain neglected despite high prevalence. Our understanding of parasitic disease continues to be enhanced through animal models. Despite the similarities between whipworm and roundworm, there are key differences between the two species and these have influenced the application of their respective animal models. In the case of T. trichiura, the fact that a murine equivalent, T. muris completes its life cycle in a mouse model has greatly enhanced our knowledge of whipworm biology, pathogenicity and immunology. In contrast, A. lumbricoides and its porcine equivalent, Ascaris suum, lack a rodent model in which the life cycle is completed. However, evidence continues to accumulate demonstrating that mice represent useful models of early Ascaris infection, a key stage of the life cycle. The use of mouse models for both Ascaris and Trichuris has a long history with early pioneers discovering fundamental aspects of each parasite's biology. Novel technologies and perspectives, as outlined in this special issue, demonstrate how through the prism of mouse models, we can continue to explore the similarities and differences between roundworms and whipworms.

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Section: Historical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Historical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Co-morbidities Immunomodulation and Co-infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Lessons from studying roundworm and whipworm in the mouse: common themes and unique features

Holland

Else

2021

Parasitology

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“…The mature larvae move through the alveolar epithelium, ascend the bronchotracheal tree and are then swallowed back into the intestines where they develop into adult worms[ 6 , 7 ]. Completion of the two month larval migration cycle is essential for the parasite to develop into adult worms in the intestines[ 8 ]. Like other helminths, the immunomodulatory properties of Ascaris adult worms permit long-term occupancy in the host intestinal lumen up to two years[ 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transient Ascaris suum larval migration induces intractable chronic pulmonary disease and anemia in mice

Knight

et al. 2021

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Ascariasis is one of the most common infections in the world and associated with significant global morbidity. Ascaris larval migration through the host’s lungs is essential for larval development but leads to an exaggerated type-2 host immune response manifesting clinically as acute allergic airway disease. However, whether Ascaris larval migration can subsequently lead to chronic lung diseases remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that a single episode of Ascaris larval migration through lungs induces a chronic pulmonary syndrome of type-2 inflammatory pathology and emphysema accompanied by pulmonary hemorrhage and chronic anemia in a mouse model. Our results reveal that a single episode of Ascaris larval migration through the host lungs leads to permanent lung damage with systemic effects. Remote episodes of ascariasis may drive non-communicable lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and chronic anemia in parasite endemic regions.

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Ascaris Mouse Model Protocols: Advancing Research on Larval Ascariasis Biology

de Almeida Lopes,

Wang,

Liffner

et al. 2024

Current Protocols

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Ascariasis, caused by both Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum, is the most prevalent parasitic disease worldwide, affecting both human and porcine populations. However, due to the difficulties of assessing the early events of infection in humans, most studies of human ascariasis have been restricted to the chronic intestinal phase. Therefore, the Ascaris mouse model has become a fundamental tool for investigating the immunobiology and pathogenesis of the early infection stage referred to as larval ascariasis because of the model's practicality and ability to replicate the natural processes involved. The Ascaris mouse model has been widely used to explore factors such as infection resistance/susceptibility, liver inflammation, lung immune‐mediated pathology, and co‐infections and, notably, as a pivotal element in preclinical vaccine trials. Exploring the immunobiology of larval ascariasis may offer new insights into disease development and provide a substantial understanding of key components that trigger a protective immune response. This article focuses on creating a comprehensive guide for conducting Ascaris experimental infections in the laboratory as a foundation for future research efforts. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Acquisition and embryonation of Ascaris suum eggs from adult femalesAlternate Protocol: Cleaning and purification of Ascaris suum from female A. suum uteriBasic Protocol 2: Preparation of Ascaris suum eggs and murine infectionBasic Protocol 3: Measurement of larval burden and Ascaris‐larva‐induced pathogenesisBasic Protocol 4: In vitro hatching and purification of Ascaris L3 larvaeSupport Protocol: Preparation of crude antigen from Ascaris infectious stagesBasic Protocol 5: Ultrastructure‐expansion microscopy (U‐ExM) of Ascaris suum larval stages

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The long and winding road of Ascaris larval migration: the role of mouse models

Abstract: Abstract

Cited by 11 publications

References 81 publications

Lessons from studying roundworm and whipworm in the mouse: common themes and unique features

Lessons from studying roundworm and whipworm in the mouse: common themes and unique features

Transient Ascaris suum larval migration induces intractable chronic pulmonary disease and anemia in mice

Ascaris Mouse Model Protocols: Advancing Research on Larval Ascariasis Biology

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