The Loci of Evolution: How Predictable Is Genetic Evolution?

Stern, David L.; Orgogozo, Virginie

doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00450.x

Cited by 706 publications

(797 citation statements)

References 130 publications

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“…As discussed in Section 3.3, one way in which a pleiotropic gene can subdivide its functions is through modular cisregulation. Most genes have multiple, independent cis-regulatory elements that control spatial and temporal gene expression; mutations in one element can have no effect on functions mediated by the other element [44][45][46][47]. A similar situation occurs within coding regions when the protein has trait-specific domains [84].…”

Section: Potential Consequences Of Pleiotropy For Evolutionary Diversmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Changing the binding sites for patterning factors in cis-regulatory regions of more specialized effector genes is assumed to be less pleiotropic than changing the transcription factor genes themselves. This is because of the modular architecture of cis-regulatory regions, which have discrete elements controlling transcription in different spatiotemporal domains [44][45][46][47]. However, cis-regulatory changes in patterning genes encoding transcription factors can still affect expression of the transcription factor's target genes.…”

Section: Diversity Within a Developmental Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An integration between these two (often disparate) fields is essential for understanding the relationship between variation within species and divergence between species [47,95]. Finally, intricate color patterns are a model for complex traits because they require the activity of many genes and interactions between them.…”

Section: The Promise Of Pigmentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development and evolution of insect pigmentation: Genetic mechanisms and the potential consequences of pleiotropy

Wittkopp

Beldade

2009

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology

281

289

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a b s t r a c tInsect pigmentation is a premier model system in evolutionary and developmental biology. It has been at the heart of classical studies as well as recent breakthroughs. In insects, pigments are produced by epidermal cells through a developmental process that includes pigment patterning and synthesis. Many aspects of this process also impact other phenotypes, including behavior and immunity. This review discusses recent work on the development and evolution of insect pigmentation, with a focus on pleiotropy and its effects on color pattern diversification.

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Section: Potential Consequences Of Pleiotropy For Evolutionary Diversmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Diversity Within a Developmental Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development and evolution of insect pigmentation: Genetic mechanisms and the potential consequences of pleiotropy

Wittkopp

Beldade

2009

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology

281

289

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“…Historical contingencies and chance shape organisms during evolution 1, 2 , but convergence in phenotype and molecular systems indicates that evolution is to some extent predictable 3, 4 . Identification of genes and variants that influence evolved differences is not a trivial task 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The developmental transcriptome of contrasting Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) morphs

et al. 2015

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Species and populations with parallel evolution of specific traits can help illuminate how predictable adaptations and divergence are at the molecular and developmental level. Following the last glacial period, dwarfism and specialized bottom feeding morphology evolved rapidly in several landlocked Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus populations in Iceland. To study the genetic divergence between small benthic morphs and limnetic morphs, we conducted RNA-sequencing charr embryos at four stages in early development. We studied two stocks with contrasting morphologies: the small benthic (SB) charr from Lake Thingvallavatn and Holar aquaculture (AC) charr.The data reveal significant differences in expression of several biological pathways during charr development. There was also an expression difference between SB- and AC-charr in genes involved in energy metabolism and blood coagulation genes. We confirmed differing expression of five genes in whole embryos with qPCR, including lysozyme and natterin-like which was previously identified as a fish-toxin of a lectin family that may be a putative immunopeptide. We also verified differential expression of 7 genes in the developing head that associated consistently with benthic v.s.limnetic morphology (studied in 4 morphs). Comparison of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) frequencies reveals extensive genetic differentiation between the SB and AC-charr (~1300 with more than 50% frequency difference). Curiously, three derived alleles in the otherwise conserved 12s and 16s mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes are found in benthic charr.The data implicate multiple genes and molecular pathways in divergence of small benthic charr and/or the response of aquaculture charr to domestication. Functional, genetic and population genetic studies on more freshwater and anadromous populations are needed to confirm the specific loci and mutations relating to specific ecological traits in Arctic charr.

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“…Many ecologically important traits are influenced by multiple loci, however, and their evolution will depend on covariances with other fitness components as well as genotype-by-environment interactions (Forister et al 2007;Mackay and Anholt 2007). For these traits, there may be multiple genetic and developmental pathways by which different populations respond to similar challenges (Hoekstra and Nachman 2003;Stern and Orgogozo 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic architecture underlying convergent evolution of egg-laying behavior in a seed-feeding beetle

et al. 2008

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Independent populations subjected to similar environments often exhibit convergent evolution. An unresolved question is the frequency with which such convergence reflects parallel genetic mechanisms. We examined the convergent evolution of egg-laying behavior in the seed-feeding beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. Females avoid ovipositing on seeds bearing conspecific eggs, but the degree of host discrimination varies among geographic populations. In a previous experiment, replicate lines switched from a small host to a large one evolved reduced discrimination after 40 generations. We used line crosses to determine the genetic architecture underlying this rapid response. The most parsimonious genetic models included dominance and/or epistasis for all crosses. The genetic architecture underlying reduced discrimination in two lines was not significantly different from the architecture underlying differences between geographic populations, but the architecture underlying the divergence of a third line differed from all others. We conclude that convergence of this complex trait may in some cases involve parallel genetic mechanisms.

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The Loci of Evolution: How Predictable Is Genetic Evolution?

Cited by 706 publications

References 130 publications

Development and evolution of insect pigmentation: Genetic mechanisms and the potential consequences of pleiotropy

Development and evolution of insect pigmentation: Genetic mechanisms and the potential consequences of pleiotropy

The developmental transcriptome of contrasting Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) morphs

Genetic architecture underlying convergent evolution of egg-laying behavior in a seed-feeding beetle

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