The Location of Airline Hubs

Locational determinants of major US air passenger markets by metropolitan area

“…Hotelling's model of competition is often used in providing an explanation for the likelihood of airport clustering to take advantage of established markets (e.g. Huston and Butler, 1991).…”

“…The model is used to predict the probability of having a major air traffic market for each of the 144 MAs included in this study. A cut-off probability value of 0.5 is used, which is equivalent to the odds value of 1, to determine the likelihood of a major air passenger market (Allison 1999;Huston and Butler, 1991). MAs with an estimated probability of 0.5 or higher are likely to have a major air passenger market; while those MAs with a predicted probability less than 0.5 are not likely to have a major market.…”

“…There are many factors that influence the location of a major air passenger market including proximity to existing population centers, specific socio-economic and demographic characteristics, and broader-based climate and weather-related factors (Bania et al, 1998;Brueckner, 2003;Huston and Butler, 1991;Sasaki et al, 1999). Cities that have many point-topoint routes on different carriers and areas that have populations with a high propensity to fly tend to be good candidates for market growth (O' Kelly and Miller, 1994).…”

“…The propensity for air travel is mainly a function of specific socio-economic and demographic characteristics, including education level, employment mix, income levels, city function, transportation infrastructure levels, plus recreation and cultural attractiveness (Bania et al, 1998;Bauer, 1987;Debbage and Delk, 2001;Graham 2000;Taafe, 1956). Compared to other factors, climate seems to be a less significant determinant of major airport locations (Brueckner, 2003;Huston and Butler, 1991). However, weather is the greatest cause for delay in air traffic (US Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 2003) and the types, frequency, and severity of unfavorable weather conditions are broadly related to climate type.…”

New international services and the competitiveness of Tokyo International Airport

“…To date, the issue of airport and airline competition has been addressed in a wide range of studies with a focus on airport choice or functional division in metropolitan areas with multiple airports (Pels et al, 2000(Pels et al, , 2003(Pels et al, , 2009Derudder et al, 2010;Lian and Rønnevik, 2011), commercialization and privatization of airports (Barrett, 2000), vertical cooperation between airports and airlines (Barbot, 2009), location of airline hubs (Schwieterman, 1988;Huston and Butler, 1991;Berechman and De Wit, 1996;Adler and Berechman, 2001), freight airlines airport choice (Zhang and 0966-6923/$ -see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.11.003 Zhang, 2002;Zhang, 2003;Gardiner et al, 2005), structure of global airport hierarchies (Matsumoto, 2004(Matsumoto, , 2007Witlox, 2008, 2009;Grubesic et al, 2009) and development of low-cost carriers (Gillen and Lall, 2004;Zhang et al, 2008).…”