The locality of waste sites within the city of Chicago: a demographic, social, and economic analysis

Superfund, Hedonics, and the Scales of Environmental Justice

“…In some cases, EJ researchers simply assert what unit is appropriate. Spatial units range from Census blocks (e.g., Chakraborty and others 1999) to counties (e.g., Earnhart 2004) and many resolutions in between (e.g., Pollock and Vittas 1995, Been and Gupta 1997, Taquino and others 2002, Yandle and Burton 1996, Baden and Coursey 2002, Anderton and others 1994, Hockman and Morris 1998. The researcher's choice of geographic area, however, opens the findings to critiques of arbitrariness or worse (Sui 1999, Bowen and Wells 2002, McMaster and others 2002, Kurtz 2003, Glickman 2004, Baden and others 2007.…”

Social disparities in health: Disproportionate toxicity proximity in minority communities over a decade

“…Likewise, whereas some studies find a negative relationship between a neighborhood's economic resources and the presence of toxic sites (Bolin et al 2002;Downey 1998;Hockman, and Morris 1998;Krieg 1995;Mohai, and Saha 2006), others have failed to find such a relationship (Baden, and Coursey 2002;Boer et al 1997;Davidson, and Anderton 2000).…”

“…(Been 1995;Bolin et al 2002;Downey 1998;Hite 2000;Hockman, and Morris 1998;Krieg 1995;Mohai, and Saha 2006;Pastor, Sadd, and Hipp 2001). This puts those living in such communities at risk for exposures that may be related to numerous diseases and disabilities.The extensive literature studying possible disproportionate proximity among racial and ethnic minority populations to toxic waste largely employs cross-sectional designs and analyses (Anderton et al 1994;Baden, and Coursey 2002;Been 1995;Bolin et al 2002;Downey 1998;Hite 2000;Hockman, and Morris 1998;Krieg 1995;Mohai, and Saha 2006;Pastor, Sadd, and Morello-Frosch 2004;Sadd et al 1999;Stretesky, and Hogan 1998). Furthermore, this literature focusing on the potential for possible disproportionate proximity to hazardous wastes based on race and socioeconomic status yields mixed findings: whereas several studies suggest a positive relationship between the proportion minority in a neighborhood (i.e., usually measured as tracts, a Census Bureau defined unit of approximately 4,000 persons) and the number of toxic waste Disproportionate toxicity proximity 2 sites (Been 1995;Bolin et al 2002;Downey 1998;Hite 2000;Hockman, and Morris 1998;Krieg 1995;Mohai, and Saha 2006;Pastor et al 2001), some studies have not detected such a relationship for African-Americans specifically (Anderton et al 1994;Baden, and Coursey 2002;Sadd et al 1999;Stretesky, and Hogan 1998) or minorities more generally (Bowen et al 1995).…”

“…Furthermore, this literature focusing on the potential for possible disproportionate proximity to hazardous wastes based on race and socioeconomic status yields mixed findings: whereas several studies suggest a positive relationship between the proportion minority in a neighborhood (i.e., usually measured as tracts, a Census Bureau defined unit of approximately 4,000 persons) and the number of toxic waste 2 sites (Been 1995;Bolin et al 2002;Downey 1998;Hite 2000;Hockman, and Morris 1998;Krieg 1995;Mohai, and Saha 2006;Pastor et al 2001), some studies have not detected such a relationship for African-Americans specifically (Anderton et al 1994;Baden, and Coursey 2002;Sadd et al 1999;Stretesky, and Hogan 1998) or minorities more generally (Bowen et al 1995).…”

“…Although some research has found that tracts with higher levels of income indeed have less proximity to such toxic sites (Bolin et al 2002;Downey 1998;Hockman, and Morris 1998;Krieg 1995;Mohai, and Saha 2006), others have failed to find such a relationship (Baden, and Coursey 2002;Been 1995;Boer et al 1997;Davidson, and Anderton 2000). As a consequence, a more nuanced viewpoint argues that the political power of high-income neighborhoods will allow them to resist toxic waste site placement, while the lowest income neighborhoods will also have few toxic waste sites due to their undesirable work force (Boer et al 1997;Pastor et al 2001;Sadd et al 1999).…”