The Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy Onboard the SATech-01 Satellite

Ling, Zhixing

doi:10.1088/1674-4527/acd593

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…The good X-ray performance and low optical transmittance of this Al-coated sCMOS sensor make it a promising choice for X-ray telescopes. The LEIA, which has been working in orbit for about one year, is equipped with four EP4K sensors (Zhang et al 2022;Ling 2023). Furthermore, 48 EP4K sensors are used on the WXT on the EP satellite, which will be launched at the end of 2023 (Yuan et al 2018(Yuan et al , 2022.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in recent years, the performance of sCMOS sensors has been significantly improved, boasting faster readout speeds, superior irradiation resistance, and more flexible operating temperatures compared to traditional CCDs. Therefore, several X-ray space missions, such as Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy (LEIA; Zhang et al 2022;Ling 2023), Einstein Probe (EP; Yuan et al 2018Yuan et al , 2022, and THESEUS (concept) (Heymes et al 2020(Heymes et al , 2022Stefanov et al 2022), used or will use sCMOS sensors as focal plane detectors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Aluminum-coated sCMOS Sensor for X-Ray Astronomy

Wu,

Ling,

Zhang

et al. 2023

PASP

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In recent years, tremendous progress has been made on scientific Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (sCMOS) sensors, making them a promising device for future space X-ray missions. We have customized a large-format sCMOS sensor, G1516BI, dedicated for X-ray applications. In this work, a 200 nm thick aluminum layer is successfully sputtered on the surface of this sensor. This Al-coated sensor, named EP4K, shows consistent performance with the uncoated version. The readout noise of the EP4K sensor is around 2.5 e− and the dark current is less than 0.01 e− pixel−1 s−1 at −30°C. The maximum frame rate is 20 Hz in the current design. The ratio of single pixel events of the sensor is 45.0%. The energy resolution can reach 153.2 eV at 4.51 keV and 174.2 eV at 5.90 keV at −30°C. The optical transmittance of the aluminum layer is approximately 10−8 to 10−10 for optical lights from 365 to 880 nm, corresponding to an effective aluminum thickness of around 140 to 160 nm. The good X-ray performance and low optical transmittance of this Al-coated sCMOS sensor make it a good choice for space X-ray missions. The Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy, which has been working in orbit for about one year, is equipped with four EP4K sensors. Furthermore, 48 EP4K sensors are used on the Wide-field X-ray Telescope on the Einstein Probe satellite, which will be launched at the end of 2023.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Aluminum-coated sCMOS Sensor for X-Ray Astronomy

Wu,

Ling,

Zhang

et al. 2023

PASP

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“…Internal plateaus result from internal energy dissipation in the wind of a central magnetar (Coroniti 1990;Usov 1994) or in the fallback accretion of the stellar envelope into a black hole (BH; Kumar et al 2008aKumar et al , 2008b. The very early soft X-ray plateau followed by a decline phase with a slope of −2 in GRB 230307A afterglows, detected by the Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy (LEIA; Zhang et al 2022a;Ling et al 2023), shows a chromatic behavior with the optical afterglows from Levan et al (2023). Moreover, its spectrum exhibits less significant evolution within the first 100 s (Sun et al 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Very Early Soft X-Ray Plateau of GRB 230307A: Signature of an Evolving Radiative Efficiency in Magnetar Wind Dissipation?

Zhong,

Li,

Xiao

et al. 2024

ApJL

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Very recently, a particularly long gamma-ray burst (GRB) 230307A was reported and proposed to originate from a compact binary merger based on its host galaxy property, kilonova, and heavy elements. More intriguingly, a very early plateau followed by a rapid decline in the soft X-ray band was detected in its light curve by the Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy, indicating strong evidence of the existence of a magnetar as the merger product. This Letter explores the magnetar wind internal gradual magnetic dissipation model, in which the radiative efficiency evolves over time, and successfully fits it to the observed data. Our results reinforce the notion that the X-ray plateau serves as a powerful indicator of a magnetar and imply that an evolving efficiency is likely to be a common feature in X-ray plateaus of GRB afterglows. In addition, we also discuss the explanations for the prompt emission, GRB afterglows, as well as kilonova, and predict possible kilonova afterglows in a magnetar central engine.

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“…6 With the application of CCDs on various astronomical missions, e.g., Chandra, 7 Swift, 8 and XMM-Newton, 9 the irradiation effects on CCD have been extensively investigated. [10][11][12][13] Although CMOS detectors have attracted more and more attention in space astronomy in recent years, e.g., the Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy (LEIA) 14,15 and Einstein Probe (EP) mission, 16,17 only few irradiation studies have been carried out. 4,[18][19][20][21][22][23] In addition, the techniques of CMOS detectors develop rapidly and have great diversity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation effects on scientific complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor detectors for x-ray astronomy: II. Total ionizing dose irradiation

Chen,

Ling,

Liu

et al. 2024

J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst.

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Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) detectors are a competitive choice for current and upcoming astronomical missions. To understand the performance variations of CMOS detectors in the space environment, we investigate the total ionizing dose effects on custom-made large-format X-ray CMOS detectors. Three CMOS detector samples were irradiated with a 60 Co source with a total dose of 70 and 105 krad. We test and compare the performance of these detectors before and after irradiation. After irradiation, the dark current increases by roughly 20 ∼ 100 times, and the readout noise increases from 3 e − to 6 e − . The bias level at 50 ms integration time decreases by 13 to 18 digital number (DN) at −30°C. The energy resolution increases from ∼150 to ∼170 eV at 4.5 keV at −30°C. The conversion gain of the detectors varies for <2% after the irradiation. Furthermore, there are about 50 pixels in which bias at 50 ms has changed by more than 20 DN after the exposure to the radiation and about 30 to 140 pixels in which the readout noise has increased by over 20 e − at −30°C at 50 ms integration time. These results demonstrate that the performances of large-format CMOS detectors do not suffer significant degeneration in space environment.

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The Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy Onboard the SATech-01 Satellite

Cited by 9 publications

References 23 publications

An Aluminum-coated sCMOS Sensor for X-Ray Astronomy

An Aluminum-coated sCMOS Sensor for X-Ray Astronomy

The Very Early Soft X-Ray Plateau of GRB 230307A: Signature of an Evolving Radiative Efficiency in Magnetar Wind Dissipation?

Radiation effects on scientific complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor detectors for x-ray astronomy: II. Total ionizing dose irradiation

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