The LLNL flash x-ray induction linear accelerator (FXR)

Multhauf, L.G.; Back, N. L.; Simmons, L. F.; Zentler, J.; Scarpetti, R.

doi:10.1117/12.516922

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…While four beams are shown, eight can be easily implemented. Beam transport is managed through the accelerator with solenoid coils and integrated steering similar to FXR [ 55]. The added steering capability enables generating of oblique rays to allow a closer approximation of multibeam conformal therapy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Megavolt Bremsstrahlung Measurements from Linear Induction Accelerators Demonstrate Possible Use as a FLASH Radiotherapy Source to Reduce Acute Toxicity

Sampayan

Sampayan²,

Caporaso

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Recent studies indicate better efficacy and healthy tissue sparing with high dose-rate FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH-RT) cancer treatment. This technique delivers a prompt high radiation dose rather than fractional doses over a longer period of time. The threshold is >40 Gy-s-1 with a maximal effect at >100 Gy-s-1 that must be maintained in the treatment volume. Mechanisms are still widely debated, but toxicity is minimized while inducing apoptosis in malignant tissue. Delivery technologies to date show that a capability gap exists with clinic scale, broad area, deep penetrating, high dose rate capability. Based on present trends, if FLASH-RT is adopted, it may become a dominant approach except in the least technologically advanced countries. The linear induction accelerator (LIA) developed for high current, high repetition rate, species independent charged particle acceleration, has yet to be considered for this application. We briefly review the status of LIA technology, explore the physics of bremsstrahlung-converter-target interactions and our work on stabilizing the electron beam. While the gradient of the LIA is low, we present our preliminary work to improve the gradient by an order of magnitude, presenting a point design for a multibeam FLASH-RT system using a single accelerator for application to conformal FLASH-RT.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Megavolt Bremsstrahlung Measurements from Linear Induction Accelerators Demonstrate Possible Use as a FLASH Radiotherapy Source to Reduce Acute Toxicity

Sampayan

Sampayan²,

Caporaso

et al. 2021

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…While four beams are shown, eight or more can be easily implemented in an actual system. Beam transport is managed through the accelerator with solenoid coils and integrated steering similar to the FXR geometry [ 125 ]. The added steering capability allows generating oblique rays for a closer approximation of multibeam conformal therapy.…”

Section: High-peak-current Linear Induction Accelerator (Lia) For Fla...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transformative Technology for FLASH Radiation Therapy

et al. 2023

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The general concept of radiation therapy used in conventional cancer treatment is to increase the therapeutic index by creating a physical dose differential between tumors and normal tissues through precision dose targeting, image guidance, and radiation beams that deliver a radiation dose with high conformality, e.g., protons and ions. However, the treatment and cure are still limited by normal tissue radiation toxicity, with the corresponding side effects. A fundamentally different paradigm for increasing the therapeutic index of radiation therapy has emerged recently, supported by preclinical research, and based on the FLASH radiation effect. FLASH radiation therapy (FLASH-RT) is an ultra-high-dose-rate delivery of a therapeutic radiation dose within a fraction of a second. Experimental studies have shown that normal tissues seem to be universally spared at these high dose rates, whereas tumors are not. While dose delivery conditions to achieve a FLASH effect are not yet fully characterized, it is currently estimated that doses delivered in less than 200 ms produce normal-tissue-sparing effects, yet effectively kill tumor cells. Despite a great opportunity, there are many technical challenges for the accelerator community to create the required dose rates with novel compact accelerators to ensure the safe delivery of FLASH radiation beams.

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“…It began operations in 1982 with beam parameters of 2.2 kA at 17 MeV [74,75], and has since been upgraded to 3 kA at 18 MeV [76]. Although it is capable of double-pulse operation at a lower energy (8 MeV) [77,78], FXR is operated in the higherenergy single-pulse mode to provide a sufficient dose to penetrate the hydrotest. The injector is "pushpull," with six cells energizing the cathode stalk and four more energizing the hollow anode stalk, to produce ∼2.5 MV across the diode gap, creating a 65 ns, 3 kA beam pulse.…”

Section: Fxrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Beam Radiography

Peach

Ekdahl

2013

Rev. Accl. Sci. Tech.

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Particle beam radiography, which uses a variety of particle probes (neutrons, protons, electrons, gammas and potentially other particles) to study the structure of materials and objects noninvasively, is reviewed, largely from an accelerator perspective, although the use of cosmic rays (mainly muons but potentially also high-energy neutrinos) is briefly reviewed. Tomography is a form of radiography which uses multiple views to reconstruct a three-dimensional density map of an object. There is a very wide range of applications of radiography and tomography, from medicine to engineering and security, and advances in instrumentation, specifically the development of electronic detectors, allow rapid analysis of the resultant radiographs. Flash radiography is a diagnostic technique for large high-explosive-driven hydrodynamic experiments that is used at many laboratories. The bremsstrahlung radiation pulse from an intense relativistic electron beam incident onto a high-Z target is the source of these radiographs. The challenge is to provide radiation sources intense enough to penetrate hundreds of g/cm 2 of material, in pulses short enough to stop the motion of high-speed hydrodynamic shocks, and with source spots small enough to resolve fine details. The challenge has been met with a wide variety of accelerator technologies, including pulsed-power-driven diodes, air-core pulsed betatrons and high-current linear induction accelerators. Accelerator technology has also evolved to accommodate the experimenters' continuing quest for multiple images in time and space. Linear induction accelerators have had a major role in these advances, especially in providing multiple-time radiographs of the largest hydrodynamic experiments.

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The LLNL flash x-ray induction linear accelerator (FXR)

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Megavolt Bremsstrahlung Measurements from Linear Induction Accelerators Demonstrate Possible Use as a FLASH Radiotherapy Source to Reduce Acute Toxicity

Megavolt Bremsstrahlung Measurements from Linear Induction Accelerators Demonstrate Possible Use as a FLASH Radiotherapy Source to Reduce Acute Toxicity

Transformative Technology for FLASH Radiation Therapy

Particle Beam Radiography

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