read various versions of this study and made valuable careful comments. Discussions with Thomas Acton, Emeritus Professor of Romani Studies, University of Greenwich, gave us the comparative perspective which made this study more comprehensible.Florin Rotaru (historian and palaeographer, Bucharest) has assisted with collecting data from the National Historical Archives in Bucharest and has transliterated most of them.The maps have been drawn by Nikoloz Kobakhidze (data analyst, Ministry of Economy, Georgia).Ryan Dias has created the database MapRom. John Saul (geologist, author, Paris) gave insights about the technology of gold production.The Library of the Romanian Academy in Bucharest provided important material.The authors thank the Right Reverend Veniamin Luca, the abbot of the Cozia Monastery, for the photos of the historical monument.The Södertörn University, Stockholm, and the Baltic Sea Foundation, Stockholm, has funded for three years the project "Mapping the Roma Community on Nineteenth Century Wallachia" (2017-2021) during which the MapRom database has been created. The authors are very thankful to Professor Joakim Ekman for his administrative support in the implementation of the project. The Södertörn University generously supported the proofreading of the manuscript and the publication in the Open Access.