The Living Cell as an Osmotic System and Its Permeability to Water

Lucké, Balduin; McCutcheon, Morton

doi:10.1152/physrev.1932.12.1.68

Cited by 207 publications

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“…-1 At -1. This is considerably higher than the movement in most eggs (24) or other cells that have been studied (17; Table 2.8), except erythro-cytes. It is of the same order as that of frog ovarian eggs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Water Transfer and Cell Structure in Isolated Crayfish Muscle Fibers

Reuben

Girardier

Grundfest

1964

The Journal of General Physiology

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Changes in volume of crayfish single muscle fibers in response to changes in ionic or electrical conditions have been studied in conjunction with electrophysiological measurements and electron microscopic examinations. The occurrence of at least three mechanisms of water movements is revealed, two being processes which are superimposed on the normal osmotic water movement that results from a change in the concentration of solute in the medium. Differences between the time courses of the changes in volume and potential on changing Ks/Ko indicate that water may be distributed unequally for a time within compartments of the fiber. Electron micrographs reveal a selective accumulation of water at the periphery of the fiber under certain conditions. A correlation of H20 transfer with a change in membrane potential is apparent in crayfish muscle fibers and is probably due to electroosmotic effects. Electrokinetic water movements are produced whenever the membrane potential is changed to a considerable degree by changing the level of K and/or Cl in the medium, or by applying currents with an intracellular microelectrode. Depolarizations cause shrinkage. Hyperpolarizations or repolarizations cause swelling. The volume changes are independent of the occurrence or absence of swelling in the anion-permselective transverse tubular system. They indicate that the fiber membrane along the surface is heterogeneous, not only with respect to the signs of its fixed charge sites, but also with respect to the sizes and relative permselectivities of these charged channels. I N T R O D U C T I O NStudies of the m o v e m e n t of ions and water across the cell m e m b r a n e with correlated osmometric, electrophysiological, and morphological methods m a y be expected to yield m o r e information on the properties of the m e mb r a n e and a b o u t the structure of the cell t h a n can be obtained with any one II4I

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Water Transfer and Cell Structure in Isolated Crayfish Muscle Fibers

Reuben

Girardier

Grundfest

1964

The Journal of General Physiology

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“…*Ratio is ÄìNa-K-2Cl in the respective solution divided by that in NK¤ solution. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---McCutcheon, 1932;Hoffmann, 1977) Driving force for the Na¤-K¤-2Cl¦ co-transport…”

Section: ----------------------------------------------mentioning

confidence: 99%

Endothelial cell shrinkage increases permeability through a Ca²⁺‐dependent pathway in single frog mesenteric microvessels

Kajimura

Curry

1999

The Journal of Physiology

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The aim of this study was to investigate further the hypothesis that a change in the endothelial cell (EC)-extracellular matrix (ECM) attachment may modify the increase in capillary permeability caused by endothelial cell shrinkage. In intact microvessels of the frog mesentery, we have shown that endothelial cell shrinkage after exposure to a hypertonic solution (330 versus 230 mosmol l¢ in frog Ringer solution) did not increase hydraulic permeability (Lp) when vessels were perfused with a normal Ringer solution containing bovine serum albumin (BSA). However, when vessels were pretreated with a hexapeptide containing the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence, which competes for the binding sites between endothelial cell integrins and the basement membrane, and reduces the number of functional attachment sites between the endothelial cell and the subcellular matrix, exposure to hypertonic solutions caused a biphasic increase in Lp (Kajimura et al. 1997). The simplest interpretation of these experiments was that a reduction in endothelial cell volume resulted in a change in the geometry of the principal water pathway across the capillary to increase permeability only when the attachment of the endothelial cell to the basement membrane was compromised. The mechanisms whereby EC-ECM attachment modulates microvessel permeability are not well understood. One possibility is that, in the presence of decreased attachment of the endothelial cell to the basement membrane, a reduction in the volume of endothelial cells directly modifies the resistance to water flow through the junction between cells by widening the junction or reducing the length of the junction overlap. A second possibility is that changes in endothelial cell attachment modify the way the endothelial cells respond to applied forces (in this case, a change in cell volume). We expected that the second possibility may Journal of Physiology (1999) 1. We tested whether calcium (Ca¥)-dependent mechanisms were essential for our previous observation that a change in the endothelial cell (EC)-extracellular matrix (ECM) attachment caused an increase in microvessel hydraulic permeability (Lp) after exposure to hypertonic solutions in single perfused mesenteric microvessels in pithed frogs (Rana pipiens)., 518.1, pp. 227-238 227 Endothelial cell shrinkage increases permeability through a Ca¥-dependent pathway in single frog mesenteric2. In microvessels where integrin-dependent EC-ECM attachments were disrupted by pretreatment with the peptide Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Thr-Pro (GRGDTP; 0·3 mmol l¢), we measured microvessel Lp after exposure to hypertonic solutions under experimental conditions that reduced Ca¥ influx into endothelial cells. 3. High K¤ solutions (59·7 and 100 mmol l¢ K¤) were used to depolarize the endothelial membrane and therefore to reduce the electrochemical driving force for Ca¥ influx through conductive Ca¥ channels. These solutions abolished the increase in Lp caused by hypertonic solutions in the microvessels pretreated with GRGDTP. 4. We previously suggested that t...

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“…When the membrane is impermeable to an extracellular solute but freely permeable to the solvent the volume changes produced by osmosis in a system exposed to media of different osmotic pressure should follow the van't Hoff-Boyle law : n( V -Vo) = constant, (1) where n is the osmotic pressure of the medium, V is the volume of the cell and Vo is that volume of the cell which does not respond to osmotic influences. This law is followed by the cells of many higher organisms (Lucke, 1940). If, as suggested by recent work (McQuillen, 1955;Mitchell & Moyle, 1956a, b ;Gilby, 1957), the protoplasts of Micrococcus lysodeikticus are surrounded by an osmotic membrane of low mechanical strength, these too should behave similarly.…”

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confidence: 88%

Osmotic Properties of Protoplasts of Micrococcus lysodeikticus

Gilby

Few

1959

Journal of General Microbiology

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SUMMARY : Protoplasts were released from Micrococcus lysodeikticus by the action of lysozyme in media containing sucrose, NaCl or mixtures of these. Empirical corrections by two methods were made for the effect of refractive index on the optical density of the protoplast suspensions measured at 500 mp. With the assumption, valid for some similar systems, that the optical density of a protoplast suspension is inversely proportional to the protoplast volume, the protoplasts were shown to behave as osmometers a t osmotic pressures above the threshold for lysis and to follow a van't Hoff-Boyle law. The osmotically-inactive volume in a standard stabilizing medium containing M-sucrose + 0.05 M-NaC1 (osmotic pressure 37-8 atm.) was c. 76 yo. Protoplasts formed in hypotonic media were more resistant to osmotic explosion than those formed at higher medium concentrations and subsequently diluted.

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The Living Cell as an Osmotic System and Its Permeability to Water

Cited by 207 publications

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Water Transfer and Cell Structure in Isolated Crayfish Muscle Fibers

Water Transfer and Cell Structure in Isolated Crayfish Muscle Fibers

Endothelial cell shrinkage increases permeability through a Ca²⁺‐dependent pathway in single frog mesenteric microvessels

Osmotic Properties of Protoplasts of Micrococcus lysodeikticus

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The Living Cell as an Osmotic System and Its Permeability to Water

Cited by 207 publications

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Water Transfer and Cell Structure in Isolated Crayfish Muscle Fibers

Water Transfer and Cell Structure in Isolated Crayfish Muscle Fibers

Endothelial cell shrinkage increases permeability through a Ca2+‐dependent pathway in single frog mesenteric microvessels

Osmotic Properties of Protoplasts of Micrococcus lysodeikticus

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Endothelial cell shrinkage increases permeability through a Ca²⁺‐dependent pathway in single frog mesenteric microvessels