The lipo-oligosaccharidic symbiotic signals of Rhizobium meliloti

Abstract

time to identify the carbohydrate-bearing structures. Recent examples of glycoproteins originally detected with lectins that have now been identified are desmosomal glycoproteins [ 151 and integrins [ 161. Changes in the carbohydrate moieties of adhesion molecules can alter their function [ 17-19] and thus the lectin patterns may turn out to provide new insights into the changes in the adhesive properties of keratinocytes that occur during terminal differentiation [20].

The Information‐Storing Potential of the Sugar Code

“…Numerous reviews and recent papers have been written regarding new discoveries in carbohydrate-based recognition systems as tumor markers (Hoff et al, 1989;Matsushita et al, 1990Walz et al, 1990;Irimura et al, 1991;Miller et al, 1992;Chanrasekaran et al, 1995). trophil integrins upon ligandation with Pselectin (Lasky, 1995) or in regulatory molecules (Villalobo et al this volume; Zanetta, this volume), as signals for polypeptide location within the cell, such as lysosomal protein markers (Reitman and Kornfeld, 1981;Hooper et al, this volume), as ligands for proper protein folding: Glycosylation is apparently important in recognition of proper folding for protein chaperones such as calnexin (Chen et al, 1995;Hebert et al, 1995;Ora and Helenius, 1995), in the metazoan, for specific cell surface recognition of one cell by another (Mann et al, this volume), in plants, the rhizobium recognition system utilizes a sulfated chitin oligosaccharyl glycolipid (nod factors) with specific acylation and sulfation for species specificity (Lerouge et al, 1990;Roche et al, 1991Roche et al, , 1992Debelle et al, 1992;Denarie et al, 1992Denarie et al, , 1994Price et al, 1992;Demont et al, 1993Demont et al, , 1994Denarie and Cullimore, 1993;Horvath et al, 1993;Mergaert et al, 1993;Ardourel et al, 1994;Journet et al, 1994;Lerouge, 1994;Relic et al, 1994;Schwedock et al, 1994;Spaink, 1994;Jabbouri et al, 1995;Price and Carlson, 1995;...…”

Structural Requirements of Synthetic and Natural Product Lipo-Chitin Oligosaccharides for Induction of Nodule Primordia on Glycine soja

“…N-methylation was also found in the LCOs from Rhizobium tropici (Poupot et al, 1993). Additionally, acetylation at 0-6 of this glucosamine residue is reported for the LCOs from Rhizobium meliloti (Roche et al, 1992;Schultze et al, 1992), from Bradyrhizobium japonicum and B. elkanii , and from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv viciae (Spaink et al, 1991). Modifications of the reducing end GlcNAc residue at 0-6 include sulfation (Lerouge et al, 1990;Poupot et al, 1993), acetylation (Firmin et al, 1993), arabinosylation (Mergaert et al, 1993), and fucosylation (Price et al., 1992; Sanjuan et al, 1992;Bec-Ferte et al, 1993;Carlson et al, 1993).…”

Role of the Differentiation of Root Epidermal Cells in Nod Factor (from Rhizobium meliloti)-Induced Root-Hair Depolarization of Medicago sativa

“…ity have been isolated (Roche et al, 1992;Schultze et al, 1992). Among them, the pentasaccharide shows the same activity (in the Had bioassay) on the host plants (Medicago sativa) as the tetrasaccharide.…”

“…Flavonoids excreted by the plant roots act as signal molecules that, in conjunction with the rhizobial NodD regulatory proteins, can activate the transcription of structural nod genes in the bacteria (for reviews, see Long, 1989;Dénarié et al, 1992;Hirsch, 1992). Common bacterial nodulation genes (nod ABC) are also involved in the production of signal molecules that play a crucial role in root-hair deformation and nodule organogenesis (Bauer, 1981;Rolfe and Gresshoff, 1988;Banfalvi and Kondorosi, 1989;Long, 1989;Fisher and Long, 1992;Kondorosi, 1992).…”