The lipid droplet in cancer: From being a tumor‐supporting hallmark to clinical therapy

Abstract

IntroductionAbnormal lipid metabolism, one of the hallmarks in cancer, has gradually emerged as a novel target for cancer treatment. As organelles that store and release excess lipids, lipid droplets (LDs) resemble “gears” and facilitate cancer development in the body.AimThis review discusses the life cycle of LDs, the relationship between abnormal LDs and cancer hallmarks, and the application of LDs in theragnostic and clinical contexts to provide a contemporary understanding of the role of LDs in cancer.MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and SPORTDiscus. Retrieve and summarize clinical trials of drugs that target proteins associated with LD formation using the Clinical Trials website. Create a schematic diagram of lipid droplets in the tumor microenvironment using Adobe Illustrator.ConclusionAs one of the top ten hallmarks of cancer, abnormal lipid metabolism caused by excessive generation of LDs interrelates with other hallmarks. The crosstalk between excessive LDs and intracellular free fatty acids (FFAs) promotes an inflammatory environment that supports tumor growth. Moreover, LDs contribute to cancer metastasis and cell death resistance in vivo. Statins, as HMGCR inhibitors, are promising to be the pioneering commercially available anti‐cancer drugs that target LD formation.

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“…Lipid droplets are the main source of energy for the cell during cancer cell invasion. The density and motility of lipid droplets correlate with the invasiveness of cancer and are closely associated with chemoresistance [16], metastasis, and resistance to cell death in vivo [17]. The biogenesis of lipid droplets in a cell is a response to nutrient deprivation, which is a stress response.…”