The lipid composition of selected tissues from a Mediterranean monk seal,<i>Monachus monachus</i>

Henderson, R. J.; Kalogeropoulos, Nick; Alexis, M.N.

doi:10.1007/bf02536630

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…For brain, kidney, heart, and lung tissues, the existing differences from those reported earlier were generally within the range of SD values reported. Other research reports support our findings (6,7). Nonetheless, the conclusions reached in the previous report (1) are not affected by the observed overestimations, but would afford proportionally higher amounts of nutritionally important n-3 FA in the lipids of concern.…”

Section: Sirsupporting

confidence: 88%

Phthalates and the overestimation of docosanoic acid in seal lipids

Durnford

Shahidi

Ackman

2003

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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Sir:In a recent paper, we (Durnford and Shahidi) (1) reported the FA composition of a variety of tissues of phocid seals. We have since examined our results further as well as those from previous work (2,3) and also repeated the storage of tissue samples and of samples for FA analysis in all-glass containers instead of plastic vessels. In doing so, we did not detect the levels of docosanoic acid (22:0) that we had earlier reported (1). Ackman, who has considerable experience with possible contamination arising from phthalate plasticizers, suggested that overestimation of 22:0 may have been due to the presence of a contaminating dibasic phthalate ester from plastic laboratory vessels (Ackman, R., personal communication). As discussed in detail previously (4), it is known that, during methylation or transesterification of FA, contaminating plasticizers such as isobutyl, butyl, 2-ethylhexyl, or octyl double alcohol phthalates may be converted partially to a monomethyl ester, retaining one of the original alcohols from this transesterification. Although di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate itself emerges after the 22:6n-3 methyl ester position (3,4) on a polyglycol-based GLC column, and fully methylated phthalic acid is found in the vicinity of the 17:0 FAME, in the case of dioctyl phthalate the mixed ester phthalate will occupy an intermediate position, usually between the methyl esters of 20:4n-6 and 22:1 on the GLC chart. Welz et al. (5), for example, show what appears to be the original and mixed alcohol phthalates as two very large unidentified peaks in an analysis of FA of human plasma lipids. Clinical plastic equipment is an obvious potential source of such plasticizers. Fortunately for the modern analytical chemist, the phthalate ring still yields a convenient and distinctive mass spectrum (4).When work was done in glass containers, blubber and muscle lipids were the only tissues for which differences were significant for 22:0. Values in muscle tissues for gray, harp, and hooded seals were all at 1.81 ± 0.32%. For blubber, the corresponding values for the same species were less than 0.3%. For brain, kidney, heart, and lung tissues, the existing differences from those reported earlier were generally within the range of SD values reported. Other research reports support our findings (6,7). Nonetheless, the conclusions reached in the previous report (1) are not affected by the observed overestimations, but would afford proportionally higher amounts of nutritionally important n-3 FA in the lipids of concern.For lipid research ending in FAME assays, all solvents, samples, and extracts should preferably be handled in glass. As exemplified by Welz et al. (5), clinicians favor soft bags and tubing, rich sources of phthalates.

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Section: Sirsupporting

confidence: 88%

Phthalates and the overestimation of docosanoic acid in seal lipids

Durnford

Shahidi

Ackman

2003

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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“…Few longitudinal changes in concentrations of elements were observed in northern elephant seal blubber throughout the postweaning fast (except for Fe, which increased). This may suggest that elements are mobilized from the blubber as efficiently as triglycerides, the dominant lipid type 37. Similar results were observed in weaned gray seal pups 27.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Relating Chemical and Biological Diversity Space: A Tunable System for Efficient Gene Transfection

et al. 2008

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Polyethyleneimine (PEI), a well-established nonviral transfection reagent, was combinatorially modified with varying proportions of methyl, benzyl, and n-dodecyl groups to create a library of 435 derivatized polymers. Screening of this library for transfection, DNA binding, and toxicity allows systematic correlation of the biological properties of our polymers to their derivatizations. Combinations of derivatizations bring about a 100-fold variation in transfection efficiency between library members. The best PEI derivatives exhibit increases in transfection efficiency of more than 80-fold over unmodified PEI (up to 28+/-7 % of cells transfected) and rival commercial reagents such as Lipofectamine 2000 (21+/-10 %) and JetPEI (32+/-5.0 %). In addition, we can identify compounds that are specifically tuned for efficient transfection in CHO-K1 over Ishikawa cells and vice versa, demonstrating that the approach can lead to cell-type selectivity of at least one order of magnitude. This work demonstrates that multivalent derivatization of a polymeric framework can create functional diversity substantially greater than the structural diversity of the derivatization building blocks and suggests an approach to a better understanding of the molecular underpinnings of transfection as well as their exploitation.

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“…Chem. 31,2012elements are mobilized from the blubber as efficiently as triglycerides, the dominant lipid type [37]. Similar results were observed in weaned gray seal pups [27].…”

Section: Changes In Blubber Concentrationssupporting

confidence: 76%

How are trace elements mobilized during the postweaning fast in Northern elephant seals?

Habran

Crocker

Debier

et al. 2012

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-Northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) pups undergo a substantial intertissue reorganization of protein, minerals, and other cellular components during their postweaning development, which might entail the mobilization of associated contaminants. The authors investigated the changes in concentrations of 11 elements (Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, V, and Zn) in a longitudinal study on 22 northern elephant seal pups during the postweaning fast. Slight changes in most element concentrations were observed in blood throughout the fast. Circulating levels of Hg, Se, and Cu appeared less altered during the postweaning fast than measured during suckling. Despite the considerable fat utilization, element concentrations, except Fe, in blubber remained stable throughout the fast, which suggests that elements are mobilized from blubber as efficiently as lipids. As indicators of the placental transfer, concentrations in lanugo hair revealed the existence of maternal transfer and accumulation of all assayed trace elements during fetal development. In addition, the new pelage, rapidly produced after weaning, appeared to be an important elimination route for toxic metals such as Hg, Cd, and Pb. The high mineral content detected in pup hair suggests that this species would be more exposed to trace elements than other phocids (except Cd and Pb). Nevertheless, this statement needs further monitoring and toxicological studies to determine better the exposition to trace elements and its potential impact on the health of the northern elephant seal. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.

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The lipid composition of selected tissues from a Mediterranean monk seal,Monachus monachus

Cited by 18 publications

References 23 publications

Phthalates and the overestimation of docosanoic acid in seal lipids

Phthalates and the overestimation of docosanoic acid in seal lipids

Relating Chemical and Biological Diversity Space: A Tunable System for Efficient Gene Transfection

How are trace elements mobilized during the postweaning fast in Northern elephant seals?

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