The Links between Microbiome and Uremic Toxins in Acute Kidney Injury: Beyond Gut Feeling—A Systematic Review

Rydzewska–Rosołowska, Alicja; Sroka, Natalia; Kakareko, Katarzyna; Rosołowski, Mariusz; Zbroch, Edyta; Hryszko, Tomasz

doi:10.3390/toxins12120788

Cited by 19 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Therefore, decreased levels of indole-3-acetate may be translated in loss of intestinal and immune homeostasis. Other indolic compounds are considered to be uremic toxins and were proposed to be a link between microbiota dysbiosis and renal disease [ 158 ]. Uremic toxins not solely impact renal function, but also neurological function, contributing to certain brain disorders [ 159 ].…”

Section: Asd-associated Differences In Gut Microbial Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Marzal

Prince

Bajić

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders characterised by behavioural impairment and deficiencies in social interaction and communication. A recent study estimated that 1 in 89 children have developed some form of ASD in European countries. Moreover, there is no specific treatment and since ASD is not a single clinical entity, the identification of molecular biomarkers for diagnosis remains challenging. Besides behavioural deficiencies, individuals with ASD often develop comorbid medical conditions including intestinal problems, which may reflect aberrations in the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut. The impact of faecal microbial composition in brain development and behavioural functions has been repeatedly linked to ASD, as well as changes in the metabolic profile of individuals affected by ASD. Since metabolism is one of the major drivers of microbiome–host interactions, this review aims to report emerging literature showing shifts in gut microbiota metabolic function in ASD. Additionally, we discuss how these changes may be involved in and/or perpetuate ASD pathology. These valuable insights can help us to better comprehend ASD pathogenesis and may provide relevant biomarkers for improving diagnosis and identifying new therapeutic targets.

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Section: Asd-associated Differences In Gut Microbial Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Marzal

Prince

Bajić

et al. 2021

IJMS

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“…Although some reports have raised gut microbiota and its products as therapeutic targets for CKD, the therapeutic potential still remains to be investigated in AKI patients. A recent systematic review shows that modifying the gut microbiota improves the prognosis of AKI [ 70 ]. Among the metabolites of the gut microbiota, SCFA and D-serine reportedly have renoprotective effects in AKI.…”

Section: Gut Microbiota As a Potential Therapeutic Option For Akimentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of the Gut Microbiota in Acute Kidney Injury

Iwata

Nakade

Wada

2021

Toxins

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Recent studies have revealed that the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining a healthy, as well as diseased condition. Various organs and systems, including the kidney, are affected by the gut microbiota. While the impacts of the gut microbiota have been reported mainly on chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury (AKI) is also affected by the intestinal environment. In this review, we discussed the pathogenesis of AKI, highlighting the relation to the gut microbiota. Since there is no established treatment for AKI, new treatments for AKI are highly desired. Some kinds of gut bacteria and their metabolites reportedly have protective effects against AKI. Current studies provide new insights into the role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of AKI.

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“…Rifaximin was found to correlate with a lower rate of AKI and need for RRT in a retrospective study with patients with cirrhosis. Studies of gut–kidney axis in human AKI are lacking [ 88 ]. A role for gut-derived short-chain fatty acids on renoprotection has been proposed, with immunomodulatory properties and protection during IRI [ 89 ].…”

Section: Medium Molecular Weight Moleculesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Kidney Injury and Organ Dysfunction: What Is the Role of Uremic Toxins?

Prado

Pazos-Pérez

Méndez-Landa

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Acute kidney injury (AKI), defined as an abrupt increase in serum creatinine, a reduced urinary output, or both, is experiencing considerable evolution in terms of our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms and its impact on other organs. Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are main contributors to organ dysfunction in AKI, but they are not alone. The precise mechanisms behind multi-organ dysfunction are not yet fully accounted for. The building up of uremic toxins specific to AKI might be a plausible explanation for these disturbances. However, controversies have arisen around their effects in organs other than the kidney, because animal models usually depict AKI as a kidney-specific injury. Meanwhile, humans present AKI frequently in association with multi-organ failure (MOF). Until now, medium-molecular-weight molecules, such as inflammatory cytokines, have been proven to play a role in endothelial and epithelial injury, leading to increased permeability and capillary leakage, mainly in pulmonary and intestinal tissues.

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The Links between Microbiome and Uremic Toxins in Acute Kidney Injury: Beyond Gut Feeling—A Systematic Review

Cited by 19 publications

References 60 publications

The Impact of Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Autism Spectrum Disorders

The Impact of Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Significance of the Gut Microbiota in Acute Kidney Injury

Acute Kidney Injury and Organ Dysfunction: What Is the Role of Uremic Toxins?

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