The linear chromosome of the plant-pathogenic mycoplasma 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali'

Kube, Michael; Schneider, Bernd; Kuhl, Heiner; Dandekar, Thomas; Heitmann, Katja; Migdoll, Alexander Michael; Reinhardt, Richard; Seemüller, E.

doi:10.1186/1471-2164-9-306

Cited by 210 publications

(186 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…In addition to the general enzymes EI and HPr and the glucose-, fructose-, and trehalose-specific PTS permeases that were previously shown to be functional (2,3,18,25), the S. citri genome also encodes several other hypothetical PTS permeases of unknown substrates, most of which are truncated. The occurrence of PTS in spiroplasma genomes is a striking difference from the genomes of other phloemlimited bacteria such as phytoplasmas (30,36,47) and the phloem-restricted proteobacterium "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (17), which do not encode PTS. In the S. citri GII3-3X genome, 32 CDS were predicted to encode components of ABC transporters (27), including 12 permeases and 15 ATP binding and 5 solute binding components, 2 of which are specific for phosphate and oligopeptide, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surprisingly, this ATP synthase is absent in sequenced phytoplasma genomes (30,36,47). The S. citri GII3-3X chromosome also encodes a nearly complete pathway for the biosynthesis of a C55 terpenoid (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…76, 2010 SPIROPLASMA CITRI CHROMOSOME SEQUENCE 3423 biosynthetic pathways. Unlike phytoplasmas (30,36,47) and like mycoplasmas, S. citri has retained the ability to import sugars via the PTS and to synthesize ATP using an F o F 1 -ATP synthase. The S. citri chromosome is roughly 1 Mbp larger than most phytoplasma genomes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Partial Chromosome Sequence of Spiroplasma citri Reveals Extensive Viral Invasion and Important Gene Decay

Carle

Saillard

Carrère

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The assembly of 20,000 sequencing reads obtained from shotgun and chromosome-specific libraries of the Spiroplasma citri genome yielded 77 chromosomal contigs totaling 1,674 kbp (92%) of the 1,820-kbp chromosome. The largest chromosomal contigs were positioned on the physical and genetic maps constructed from pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern blot hybridizations. Thirty-eight contigs were annotated, resulting in 1,908 predicted coding sequences (CDS) representing an overall coding density of only 74%. Cellular processes, cell metabolism, and structural-element CDS account for 29% of the coding capacity, CDS of external origin such as viruses and mobile elements account for 24% of the coding capacity, and CDS of unknown function account for 47% of the coding capacity. Among these, 21% of the CDS group into 63 paralog families. The organization of these paralogs into conserved blocks suggests that they represent potential mobile units. Phage-related sequences were particularly abundant and include plectrovirus SpV1 and SVGII3 and lambda-like SpV2 sequences. Sixty-nine copies of transposases belonging to four insertion sequence (IS) families (IS30, IS481, IS3, and ISNCY) were detected. Similarity analyses showed that 21% of chromosomal CDS were truncated compared to their bacterial orthologs. Transmembrane domains, including signal peptides, were predicted for 599 CDS, of which 58 were putative lipoproteins. S. citri has a Sec-dependent protein export pathway. Eighty-four CDS were assigned to transport, such as phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase systems (PTS), the ATP binding cassette (ABC), and other transporters. Besides glycolytic and ATP synthesis pathways, it is noteworthy that S. citri possesses a nearly complete pathway for the biosynthesis of a terpenoid.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Partial Chromosome Sequence of Spiroplasma citri Reveals Extensive Viral Invasion and Important Gene Decay

Carle

Saillard

Carrère

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…A functional glycolytic pathway is not present in all phytoplasmas, as in the case of 'Ca. Phytoplasma mali', which lacks the downstream part of the glycolysis pathway as deduced by bioinformatic analyses (Kube et al, 2008). Furthermore, analyses of five sequenced phytoplasma genomes indicated that these bacteria lack gene sets for sterol biosynthesis, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), de novo synthesis of nucleotides and amino acids, ATP synthases and a complete pentose phosphate pathway (Bai et al, 2006;Kube et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic regulation of phytoplasma malic enzyme and phosphotransacetylase supports the use of malate as an energy source in these plant pathogens

et al. 2014

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Phytoplasmas ('Candidatus Phytoplasma') are insect-vectored plant pathogens. The genomes of these bacteria are small with limited metabolic capacities making them dependent on their plant and insect hosts for survival. In contrast to mycoplasmas and other relatives in the class Mollicutes, phytoplasmas encode genes for malate transporters and malic enzyme (ME) for conversion of malate into pyruvate. It was hypothesized that malate is probably a major energy source for phytoplasmas as these bacteria are limited in the uptake and processing of carbohydrates. In this study, we investigated the metabolic capabilities of 'Candidatus (Ca.) phytoplasma' aster yellows witches'-broom (AYWB) malic enzyme (ME). We found that AYWB-ME has malate oxidative decarboxylation activity, being able to convert malate to pyruvate and CO 2 with the reduction of either NAD or NADP, and displays distinctive kinetic mechanisms depending on the relative concentration of the substrates. AYWB-ME activity was strictly modulated by the ATP/ADP ratio, a feature which has not been found in other ME isoforms characterized to date. In addition, we found that the 'Ca. Phytoplasma' AYWB PduL-like enzyme (AYWB-PduL) harbours phosphotransacetylase activity, being able to convert acetyl-CoA to acetyl phosphate downstream of pyruvate. ATP also inhibited AYWB-PduL activity, as with AYWB-ME, and the product of the reaction catalysed by AYWB-PduL, acetyl phosphate, stimulated AYWB-ME activity. Overall, our data indicate that AYWB-ME and AYWB-PduL activities are finely coordinated by common metabolic signals, like ATP/ADP ratios and acetyl phosphate, which support their participation in energy (ATP) and reducing power [NAD(P)H] generation from malate in phytoplasmas.

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“…P. mali' and 'Ca. P. australiense' (Bai et al, 2006;Kube et al, 2008;Oshima et al, 2004;Tran-Nguyen et al, 2008). In our laboratory, phytoplasmas genome sequencing, especially from woody plants affected by jujube witches' broom phytoplasma, 'Ca.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Status of Phytoplasmas and their Related Diseases in Korea

Jung¹,

Win²,

Kim³

2012

The Plant Pathology Journal

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The linear chromosome of the plant-pathogenic mycoplasma 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali'

Cited by 210 publications

References 62 publications

Partial Chromosome Sequence of Spiroplasma citri Reveals Extensive Viral Invasion and Important Gene Decay

Partial Chromosome Sequence of Spiroplasma citri Reveals Extensive Viral Invasion and Important Gene Decay

Metabolic regulation of phytoplasma malic enzyme and phosphotransacetylase supports the use of malate as an energy source in these plant pathogens

Current Status of Phytoplasmas and their Related Diseases in Korea

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