The limits of imagination: Securitisation and exceptionalism in the World of Warcraft video game

Abstract

Securitisation theory has too often been associated with the liberal state of exception and its problematic baggage. The Copenhagen School's early claims to deconstruct (not reproduce) the national security logic seem overlooked. Using the fantasy video game World of Warcraft as a large-scale thought experiment, this article asks how a distinct security mode is still possible when the normalisation of armed violence exceeds even what Carl Schmitt's political theory can provide for. Following a careful reading of Ole Wæver's formulation of the ‘existential threat’, securitisation asserts that without a certain referent object, the world becomes meaningless. As a tool for reshaping the limits of imagination, securitisation enacts political communities in World of Warcraft by turning upside down common wisdom about normalcy and security. While normal politics are violently conflictual, securitisation fills in the role of international norms and organisation, fostering supranational cooperation and erasing sovereign disputes. Securitisation thus far exceeds its contingent incarnation in the modern concept of security – a conclusion that has consequences for the normative debate on securitisation and for non-Western interpretations of the theory.

Emerging Trends in Play-to-Earn (P2E) Games

“…One of the most common was by subscription (also called payto-play-P2P), a method that requires users to pay a recurring fee to continue accessing the game. One of the most successful implementations of this model was achieved in Activision Blizzard's World of Warcraft (WoW), a massively multiplayer online role-playing game that had, at its peak, over 12 million active players, and which still retained over 4.7 million players in 2021, although the original version was released in 2004 [4,5]. Blizzard's idea of using the P2P model originated not only from financial considerations but also from the development point of view, as WoW received continuous improvements over the last decade, including eight expansion packs which deeply expanded the original universe and functionality.…”