“…Traditionally, democratic nation-states have been the main actors in democracy promotion, however scholars have also recognized the prominent role played in recent years by international organizations (IOs) such as the EU and their impact on democratization, human rights, and advancing the environmental agenda among other issues (Andonova et al, 2007;Whitehead, 1996;Kopstein and Reilly, 2000;Börzel and Risse, 2012;Morlino, 2011;Lankina T. et al, 2016;Morlino and Quaranta, 2016;Obydenkova, 2008Obydenkova, , 2012Biermann, et al, 2009;Biermann and Bauer, 2004;Börzel, 2003). Therefore, it is unsurprising that most of the existing studies have focused mainly on IOs established by democracies, such as the EU or the Western-led Multilateral Development Banks which emerged during the Cold War, and their nature, causes, and impacts (Pevehouse, 2002;Bartolini, 2005;Mansfield and Pevehouse, 2006;Börzel and Risse, 2012;Braaten, 2014;Ben-Artzi, 2016;Obydenkova and Vieira, 2020). However, recent decades have also witnessed a growing number of regional IOs which have been created by autocracies (Ambrosio, 2008;Libman and Obydenkova, 2013, 2018a, 2018bTansey, 2016;Allison, 2018;Izotov and Obydenkova, 2020;Kneuer and Demmelhuber, 2020).…”