The Limbic-Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal System and Human Behavior

Immunohistochemical Evidence for PACAP and VIP Interaction with Met‐Enkephalin and CRF Containing Neurons in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis

“…Some nuclei of the telencephalon (the septal area, BST, and amygdala), as well as some diencephalic nuclei (the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus), and brain stem regions (the parabrachial nucleus, dorsal vagal nucleus, and monoaminergic cell groups) belong to this system. 2 In the present study, numerous Met-enkephalin-ir neurons were labeled in the BSTL (FIG. 1,A).…”

“…T he bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) appears to be an important relay nucleus in the modulatory control of the hypothalamic and brainstem centers responsible for the behavioral, endocrine, and physiological aspects of stress responses. [1][2][3] The BST exhibits immunoreactivity for numerous neuropeptides. Dense PACAP 9 and VIP 12,17 immunoreactive fiber terminals have been described in the lateral division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTL).…”

Met‐enkephalin immunoreactive neurons recruited by acute stress are innervated by axon terminals immunopositive for tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine‐α‐hydroxylase in the anterolateral division of bed nuclei of the stria terminalis in the rat

“…The regions of the brain responsible for the central regulation of stress responses form the limbic HPA axis. Some nuclei of the telencephalon (the septal area, BST, amygdala and hippocampus), in addition to some diencephalic nuclei (hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus), and brainstem regions (the parabrachial nucleus, dorsal vagal nucleus and monoaminergic cell groups) belong to this system (Carpenter & Gruen, 1978). Many studies have indicated that the BST, depending on the nature of the stressor, exerts a complex influence on the coordination of autonomic, neuroendocrine and behavioural responses during stress (Veening et al ., 1984; Casada & Dafny, 1992; Cullinan et al ., 1993; Dunn & Williams, 1995; Herman & Cullinan, 1997; Senba & Ueyama, 1997; Watts, 2001).…”

“…Scale bar, 100 mm. nucleus), and brainstem regions (the parabrachial nucleus, dorsal vagal nucleus and monoaminergic cell groups) belong to this system (Carpenter & Gruen, 1978). Many studies have indicated that the BST, depending on the nature of the stressor, exerts a complex in¯uence on the coordination of autonomic, neuroendocrine and behavioural responses during stress (Veening et al, 1984;Casada & Dafny, 1992 Based on the efferent connections of the oval and fusiform nuclei of the BST (Dong et al, 2001b), they can control somatomotor functions (Swanson & Kalivas, 2000) and autonomic responses (Loewy, 1991).…”

Synaptic Interaction between Galanin Immunoreactive Neurons and Axon Terminals Immunopositive for VIP and PACAP in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis in the Rat

“…The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) is an important relay nucleus in the modulatory control of the hypothalamic and brainstem centers responsible for the behavioral, endocrine, and physiological aspects of stress responses. [1][2][3] The BST exhibits immunoreactivity for several neuropeptides. Dense PACAP 4,5 and VIP 5,6 immunoreactive fiber terminals have been described in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, where most of the fibers are in its laterodorsal division, but PACAP-ir and VIP-ir fibers can also be observed in the lateroventral and medial divisions of the BST.…”