The Level of Inflammatory Cytokines and Antimicrobial Peptides after Composite Material Implantation and Contamination with Bacterial Culture

Abstract

As biomaterial implantation is a traumatic process, especially if the implanted object becomes contaminated by bacteria, it can cause a significant increase in the production of inflammatory cytokines. An increase in the level of inflammatory cytokines can be used as a marker of biomaterial associated infection (BAI) in surrounding tissues. To prevent BAI and production of inflammatory cytokines, biomaterials with antibiotics should be used, in particular biomaterials with prolonged release of antibiotics. In this in vivo study, the level of inflammatory cytokines (interleukine – 10 (IL-10), beta-defensin-2 and tumor necrosis factors (TNF-alpha)) was determined in surrounding tissues after composite material implantation in vivo and wound contamination with Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). The results show that the level of inflammatory cytokines is normal in surrounding tissues after implantation of biomaterials with prolonged release of antibiotics. Biomaterials with rapid release of antibiotics also show normal levels of inflammatory cytokines. The level of inflammatory cytokines increases in cases if biomaterials without antibiotics are implanted in vivo, thus being an indication of inflammation process and BAI.

Bacterial-Specific Induction of Inflammatory Cytokines Significantly Decreases upon Dual Species Infections of Implant Materials with Periodontal Pathogens in a Mouse Model

“…Moreover, IL-1 and TNF-α production in human monocytes increased by the addition of LPS in the presence of biomaterials [57]. Pro-inflammatory IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α cytokines increased in patients bearing hip prosthetics after infection with coagulase-negative staphylococci [58]. The level of inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TNF-α increased when biomaterials were infected with Staphylococcus epidermidis or Pseudomonas aeruginosa [59].…”

“…Pro-inflammatory IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α cytokines increased in patients bearing hip prosthetics after infection with coagulase-negative staphylococci [ 57 ]. The level of inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TNF-α increased when biomaterials were infected with Staphylococcus epidermidis or Pseudomonas aeruginosa [ 58 ]. The current study observed a decrease in the systemic expression of IL-2 with single or dual species infections with or without implants.…”

Influence of Antibiotic-Impregnated Biomaterials on Inflammatory Cytokines

“…The release of b-defensin-2 is stimulated by inflammatory cytokines: TNF-a and IL-1, and P. aeruginosa (Harder et al, 2001;Lai et al, 2010;Skadins et al, 2017). Betadefensin-2 is also active against S. epidermidis, a representative of the normal microbiota (Lai et al, 2010).…”

Adhesion and Colonisation of Microorganisms on Porous TiO2 and TiO2-Silver Biomaterials

“…Since the most common causative agents of BAI are bacteria, antibacterial coatings are also considered. Such local antimicrobial coatings have a number of benefits, for example, a reduced risk of side effects that is associated with the use of systemic antimicrobials, such as dysbacteriosis, which is one of the most common causes of fungal infections (Goodman et al, 2013;Skadins et al, 2017).…”