The Lethal Dose of Largemouth Bass Virus in Juvenile Largemouth Bass and the Comparative Susceptibility of Striped Bass

Distribution and Host Range of Ranaviruses

“…In general, the factors responsible for SCRV epizootics remain unknown, and may be case-specifi c. However, genetic background of the largemouth bass population, SCRV exposure history within that population, SCRV strain, and environmental factors (e.g., low dissolved oxygen associated with warmer water temperatures) have been argued as potential factors contributing to emergence (Grizzle and Brunner 2003 ;Plumb and Hanson 2011 ). Experimental infections of SCRV in largemouth bass and striped bass ( Morone saxatilis ) revealed a direct correlation between virus titer and mortality by both injection and immersion; however, striped bass experienced lower overall cumulative mortality (Plumb and Zilberg 1999b ;Zilberg et al 2000 ). Experimental transmission of SCRV in largemouth bass via oral administration resulted in infection of the skin and internal organs (e.g., swim bladder) without mortality (Woodland et al 2002a ).…”

Ranavirus Ecology and Evolution: From Epidemiology to Extinction

“…Ranaviruses can be transmitted by contact with infected individuals, through the water or on fomites (e.g., pond substrates), and by consuming part or all of infected animals (Langdon et al 1988 ;Reddacliff and Whittington 1996 ;Jancovich et al 1997 ;Plumb and Zilberg 1999b ;Woodland et al 2002b ;Pearman et al 2004 ;Harp and Petranka 2006 ;Brunner et al 2007 ;Cunningham et al 2007a ;Robert et al 2011 ;Brenes et al 2014a ). Viral mRNA is detectable in the intestines of larval and adult African clawed frogs ( Xenopus laevis ) as early as 3 h after exposure to virus in water and then spreads to other tissues, suggesting that the intestines are a primary point of entry of waterborne virus in amphibians (Robert et al 2011 ).…”

“…The LMBV is also transmissible through the water (Plumb and Zilberg 1999b ) and by consuming infected prey (Woodland et al 2002a ). Transmission by direct contact may also be possible, as LMBV has been detected in cutaneous mucus (Woodland et al 2002b ).…”

“…Dose-response experiments in fi sh and amphibians have demonstrated that exposure to larger doses of ranavirus leads to an increased probability of infection and death with reduced survival time (Plumb and Zilberg 1999b ;Pearman et al 2004 ;Brunner et al 2005 ;Deng et al 2011 ;Warne et al 2011 ). Consuming infected tissues, which likely exposes hosts to a greater dose of virus, is thus expected to increase the chance of infection compared with a single contact or swimming through contaminated water.…”

Preliminary description of lesions in juvenile largemouth bass injected with largemouth bass virus

“…Four moribund largemouth bass (-4.7 g ) from the LMBV infectivity study of Plumb & Zilberg (1999b) were necropsied 4 d after intraperitoneal injection with 0.1 m1 of LMBV containing 10"' TCIDSo. Two additional fish were injected with approximately 102 TCID,, of LMBV, held at 27"C, and killed 4 d after injection.…”