The Lennie Test for Measuring Scapular Position in Healthy Young Adult Females: A Reliability and Validity Study

Sobush, Dennis C; Simoneau, Guy G.; Dietz, Kristin E.; Levene, John A.; Grossman, Ronald E.; Smith, W. Bret

doi:10.2519/jospt.1996.23.1.39

Cited by 96 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…14 In addition, Magee 14 noted that upon relaxation of the upper extremity musculature, as in LSST position 1, the distance between the spinous process and the medial border of the scapula is widened on the dominant side. These findings are also supported by the work of Sobush et al, 21 who suggest a slightly more medial and cranial location of the nondominant scapula, although no statistically significant differences were found between the position of the dominant and nondominant scapula. 21 The current investigation found a significant difference in scapular asymmetry between sex in positions 2 and 3, with males demonstrating greater asymmetry than females.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…These findings are also supported by the work of Sobush et al, 21 who suggest a slightly more medial and cranial location of the nondominant scapula, although no statistically significant differences were found between the position of the dominant and nondominant scapula. 21 The current investigation found a significant difference in scapular asymmetry between sex in positions 2 and 3, with males demonstrating greater asymmetry than females. A number of studies report that males have a greater percentage of muscle mass to total body weight than females, and that males have greater muscle cross-sectional area than females, with a greater difference between sex in the upper extremities compared to the lower extremities.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

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Specificity of the Lateral Scapular Side Test in Asymptomatic Competitive Athletes

Koslow¹,

Prosser²,

Strony³

et al. 2003

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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Study Design: A prospective, criterion-based specificity study. Objective: To determine the specificity of the lateral scapular slide test (LSST) in detecting shoulder dysfunction in the competitive athlete. Background: The LSST was introduced in an attempt to objectively measure scapular stabilizer strength at varying amounts of load. Measurements between the inferior angle of the scapula and the closest spinous process are recorded in 3 different test positions. The original study of the LSST established a difference between the involved and noninvolved sides of 1.5 cm or greater in any position as an indication of shoulder dysfunction. In addition, the original sample used to develop the LSST consisted of symptomatic athletes only, with no asymptomatic control group. The LSST was originally based on the assumption that normal shoulder girdle function is symmetrical. However, some research reports that scapular resting position is highly variable between sides. Methods and Measures: The LSST was administered to 38 female and 33 male collegiate athletes who participated in 1-arm-dominant sports. All subjects had no present or past history of scoliosis, or cervical, shoulder, or elbow dysfunction. Results: Fifty-two of the 71 subjects displayed a difference of at least 1.5 cm in 1 or more of the 3 positions. Specificity of the test was determined to be 26.8%. Conclusion: Scapular position was commonly asymmetrical in the asymptomatic subjects. These variances in scapular position suggest that asymmetry does not necessarily indicate a dysfunction. The results show that the LSST has low specificity and its use is not recommended for determining shoulder dysfunction in competitive athletes. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2003;33:331-336.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Specificity of the Lateral Scapular Side Test in Asymptomatic Competitive Athletes

Koslow¹,

Prosser²,

Strony³

et al. 2003

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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“…28 31 to reliably measure position of the scapulae in three dimensions to determine whether the di erences in postural control, shown to be signi®cant in the sample population, could be reproduced more accurately in another sample. This would have allowed for the results to be applied more broadly within paraplegia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with thoracic spinal cord injury, lesion level and rotator cuff disorders

2000

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Background:The study was concerned with the secondary functional compromise persons with long-term paraplegia contend with, that has been shown to be associated with wheelchair use. Of particular interest was the relationship between the level of thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI) and factors predisposing to rotator cu disorders (RCD), one of the most common upper extremity musculoskeletal complications linked with long-term SCI. Disorders of these peri-articular structures have previously been associated with impaired trunk postural control and abnormal muscle strength ratios in both able-bodied groups and in paraplegic athletes. Despite their neurologically intact shoulder joint musculature, high-level and low-level paraplegics have di erent degrees of trunk and pelvic stability available to them during activities of daily living (ADL). This fundamental functional anatomical di erence between high-level and low-level paraplegics had not previously been related to the diagnosis of RCD in a non-athletic long-term paraplegic population. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was undertaken to demonstrate the di erences in the prevalence of clinically diagnosed RCD in a high-level (n=22) and a low-level (n=20) group of persons with long-term paraplegia. Any perceived di erences were then related to the functional anatomical variations between the two groups. Inferences were made based on factors predisposing to RCD known to exist among both able-bodied and paraplegic athletes. The 42 subjects completed the Wheelchair User's Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI) to establish the presence or absence of shoulder pain and the Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (MFA) instrument to determine di erences in functional ability and perceived degree of di culty within ®ve categories of ADL. Each participant underwent a clinical examination using validated provocative clinical tests and isometric muscle strength ratio testing. Results: There was a higher prevalence of RCD in the high-level group (P=0.009) which correlated with decreased trunk control (P=0.009). Di erences in ability to perform functional tasks were not shown to be greater in the high-level group, although there was a higher degree of perceived di culty in ADL. Muscle strength imbalances between the shoulder adductors and abductors were shown to be greater in the high-level group. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the functional anatomical di erences that exist within paraplegia contribute to the propensity of high-level paraplegic persons to su er from RCD. These ®ndings send a clear message to service-providers that greater acknowledgement of the di erences in trunk postural control speci®c to the level of thoracic SCI is required. This may have implications for the prescription of wheelchairs, assistive devices and instruction for alternative ADL techniques to this speci®c population.

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“…The findings of this cadaveric study showed that the difference between surface locations and bony locations confirmed with tissue resection (gold standard) of the acromion angle and thoracic spinous processes was less than 0.98 and 1.46 cm, respectively. Sobush et al 28 found that surface landmark measurements for scapular position were on average within 0.56 cm and within 1.7° of the measurements made from radiographs for linear and angular position, respectively. Billis et al 2 have shown good within-therapist reliability for locating the spinous processes of the cervical and thoracic spine (C5 and T6).…”

Section: Methods and Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Scapular Position on Cervical Rotation Range of Motion

Andrade¹,

Azevedo²,

Lorentz³

et al. 2008

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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GUILHERME TRIVELLATO ANDRADE, PT¹ DANIEL CAMARA AZEVEDO, PT, MSc¹ IGOR DE ASSIS LORENTZ, PT² RODRIGO S. GALO NETO, PT² VICTOR SADALA DO PINHO, PT² RAFAEL T. R. FERRAZ GONÇALVES, PT² MARY KATE MCDONNELL, PT, DPT, OCS³ PT, PhD 4Influence of Scapular Position on Cervical Rotation Range of Motion I mpairments in alignment of the cervical spine and scapulae are commonly cited as possible sources of pain and dysfunction 3,30,31 and range-of-motion (ROM) limitations. 20 The scapulae and the cervical spine are anatomically linked through the cervicoscapular muscles: the upper trapezius and the levator scapulae. Changes of the alignment of either the scapulae or the cervical spine can potentially influence the biomechanics of the other by altering the tension at the cervicoscapular muscles. 15 scapula is located between the spinous process of the second and seventh thoracic vertebrae. 14,16,21,27 When the superior angle of the scapula is located below the spinous process of the second thoracic vertebra, the scapula is considered to be depressed. 16,27 It has been proposed that a depressed scapular alignment affects neck function potentially through increasing compressive loading in the neck region, 36 through the transfer of weight from the upper extremities by way of the attachments of the cervicoscapular muscles. 15 A depressed scapular alignment has also been proposed to be related to neck pain, 27,30 and is associated with decreased pressure pain threshold (PPT) in the upper trapezius region. 1 When a depressed scapular alignment is identified in individuals with cervical dysfunction, passively elevating the scapulae can decrease symptoms 27,30,36 and improve ROM. 36 Several studies have investigated the influence of age, 5,7,10,13,17,22,35,38,40 sex, 7,10,13,17,22,35,38,40 and craniocervical posture 7,8,26,38 on cervical ROM. However, we are unaware of any studies examining the influence of scapular alignment on cervical ROM in a young healthy population. Assessing healthy subjects could allow us to understand the effect of scapular alignment on cervical spine movement without the influence of pain.The purpose of the current study was to compare (1) active cervical rotation ROM between healthy young subjects It has been suggested that an ideal vertical scapular alignment is when the STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study, quasiexperimental design. OBJECTIVES:To compare the active cervical rotation range of motion (ROM) between healthy young subjects with a neutral vertical scapular alignment and subjects with scapular depression, and to examine the influence of modifying the vertical position of the scapulae on active cervical rotation ROM. BACKGROUND:Altered scapular alignment is proposed to be related to neck dysfunction and pain. Changes in the alignment of either the scapulae or the cervical spine can potentially influence the biomechanics of the other by altering the tension at the cervicoscapular muscles. METHODS AND MEASURES:Fifty-eight college age students with neutral vertical scapular alignment (NS group,...

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The Lennie Test for Measuring Scapular Position in Healthy Young Adult Females: A Reliability and Validity Study

Cited by 96 publications

References 9 publications

Specificity of the Lateral Scapular Side Test in Asymptomatic Competitive Athletes

Specificity of the Lateral Scapular Side Test in Asymptomatic Competitive Athletes

Factors associated with thoracic spinal cord injury, lesion level and rotator cuff disorders

Influence of Scapular Position on Cervical Rotation Range of Motion

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